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Human Development
Test 4 outline
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ORGANS of the Male Reproductive System are specialized for THREE FUNCTIONS | 1. To PRODUCE & MAINTAIN the male sex cells (sperm) 2. To TRANSPORT sperm & associated fluids to the outside of the body 3. To PRODUCE & SECRETE male sex hormones |
| The Male Reproductive System CONSISTS of: | 1. A pair of TESTES, 2. A system of ducts 3.The penis 4.Various accessory glands that produce secretions that help protect and nourish sperm, provide a transport medium to aid delivery of sperm to the outside of male’s body |
| The Testes produce | sperm and sex hormones |
| The PENIS lies outside the body | Cannot produce sperm at body temperature of 37°C, Must be held at about 35°C , SPERMATOGENESIS |
| Scrotum | POUCH of skin, muscle, & fibrous connective tissue, Contains testes, Left testicle usually descends LOWER than the right, Not compressed against each other |
| TUNICA ALBUGINEA | White fibrous capsule encasing the testis |
| Connective tissue SEPTA | Divides testes into 250 to 300 wedge-shaped LOBULES Extensions of tunica capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules |
| SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES | Make up lobules, SPERM are produced in seminiferous tubules, 1-3 seminiferous tubules in each lobule |
| Accessory Cells Within the Testis | 1. Leydig Cells (Interstitial Cells) 2. Sertoli Cells |
| Leydig Cells (Interstitial Cells) | 1. Lie OUTSIDE of seminiferous tubules 2. Lie within connective tissue between seminiferous tubules 3. Produce TESTOSTERONE 4.Some of this testosterone DIFFUSES INTO the seminiferous tubules |
| Sertoli Cells | INSIDE seminiferous tubules PROTECT&PROMOTEthe development of sperm Nutrients, waste removal, growth factors Like “nurse cells” (similar to follicle cells around egg cells) |
| What does Sertoli Cells secrete | BINDS with testosterone thus keeping high concentration of testosterone inside seminiferous tubules. |
| Sertoli Cells are Joined Together by | Tight Junctions |
| Tight Junctions | Tight Junctions have a “Sealing Role” – they PREVENT sperm from leaving the seminiferous tubules – AND – they PREVENT material that might damage sperm from entering the tubules. |
| Where is sperm made | sperm is MADE in the walls of the seminiferous tubules |
| Where does sperm travel on the way of the body | LUMEN |
| SPERMATOGENESIS | At PUBERTY, spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia) start being stimulated to produce sperm. At inner surface of outer edge of the seminiferous tubules. |
| Steps of SPERMATOGENESIS | 1. Each forms two new spermatogonia (via mitosis) 2. One of the new spermatogonia divides to form primary spermatocytes |
| Process of SPERMATOGENESIS (step two) | newly forming primary spermatocytes push previously formed cells away from the wall of the tubule, towards the tubule's lumen. As cells are moved toward the Lumen they mature into SECONDARY SPERMTOCYTES and then into SPERMATIDS |
| The mature sperm cell has THREE regions: | The mature sperm cell has THREE regions: |
| The head of sperm includes | The HEAD includes the acrosome & nucleus |
| Acrosome | sac covering nucleus, contains digestive enzymes, assists in fertillization( to tunnel through zona pellucida) |
| Nucleus | Contains father's chromosomes (DNA) |
| Mid Piece | contains mitochondria that produce the ATP to fuel sperm’s trip to egg |
| Tail | consists of one long flagellum, whip-like movements propels sperm |
| Male DUCT system | 1. Seminiferous tubules 2. efferent ductules 3. epididymis 4. vas defrens 5. ejaculatory duct 6. urethra 7, ejaculated through the far end of the urethra |
| EFFERENT DUCTULES | About 12 ciliated ducts, Cilia - move back & forth (creating a current which moves the sperm) collect sperm from seminiferous tubules within testes (transport sperm to epididymis) |
| DUCT OF THE EPIDIDYMIS | Single 6 meters long, and tightly coiled.ADHERES to posterior of testis, Site of MATURATION & STORAGE (Sperm are fertile for 40 to 60 days) Sperm mature as they SLOWLY MIGRATE (move forward) through this duct |
| If sperm is not ejaculated what happens? | They disintegrate and the epididymis resorbs them |
| The epididymis PROVIDES fluids & molecules NEEDED FOR | SPERM MATURATION |
| MOVEMENT THROUGH EPIDIDYMIS – remember that immature sperm are not motile! | 1. CONTRACTIONS of smooth muscle surrounding the epididymis duct 2. PRESSURE from fluid and spermatozoa entering the duct from the testis |
| Sperm also are STORED & PROTECTED & KEPT HEALTHY within the epididymis following maturation | 1. Molecules secreted into the duct lumen - maintain pH, anti-oxidants, etc 2. Blood-Epididymis Barrier (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) 3. White blood cells protect sperm against blood-born pathogens |
| Three regions of the epididymis | head, body, tail |
| DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS | Muscular tube 45 cm long, Passing from epididymis to posterior surface of urinary bladder. DUCT ENDS by UNITING with the duct of the seminal vesicle (to form the Ejaculatory Duct) |
| EJACULATORY DUCT | 2 cm long duct, formed from the union of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle, passes through the prostate gland, empties into the urethra |
| URETHRA | 18 cm long duct, shared by the reproductive and urinary systems |
| URETHRA CONSISTS OF THREE REGIONS: | 1. Prostatic 2. Membranous 3. Spongy(penile) |
| THREE SETS OF MALE GLANDS | 1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate Gland 3. Bulbourethral (cowper) glands |
| SEMINAL VESICLES | PAIR of glands posterior to bladder, ATTACHED to the vas deferens (ampulla) near base of the urinary bladder (unite with vas deferens), SECRETE alkaline fluid (fructose and prostaglandins), CONTENTS EMPTY into the Ejaculatory Duct, FORMS 60% of semen |
| PROSTATE GLAND | SURROUNDS the urethra and ejaculatory duct just inferior to the bladder, SECRETES thin milky fluid that forms 30% of semen,ALKALINE SECRETION |
| Functions of ALKALINE SECRETION in prostate gland | 1. activates sperm 2. reduces acidity (of male and female reproductive tracts) keeping sperm alive |
| BULBOURETHRAL (COWPER) GLANDS | PAIR of glands near bulb of penis, During sexual arousal PRODUCE clear slippery fluid, As fluid flows out of the penis – it LUBRICATES the head of the penis. ALSO - the Fluid PASSES through urethra BEFORE the sperm pass through |
| SEMEN | The fluid that passes through the urethra to the outside during ejaculation also known as seminal fluid |
| Semen Consists Of: | 1. SPERM cells 2. SECRETIONS from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands 3. PROSTAGLANDINS |
| PROSTAGLANDINS | 1. Hormone-like substances - participate in a wide range of body functions n contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle 2. dilation & constriction of blood vessels 3.control of blood pressure4. modulation of inflammation |
| THREE CYLINDRICAL BODIES of ERECTILE TISSUE that are SPONGE-LIKE | Corpora cavernosa (2). Corpus spongiosum (1), urethra (1) |
| VASECTOMY | A surgical procedure for male sterilization or permanent contraception (taken from Wikipedia). Cut vas deferens – seal ends – sperm unable to reach urethra. Thus no sperm in semen |
| After VASECTOMY | Testes CONTINUE to produce sperm but the sperm do not flow past the cut and thus do not reach the uerthra/penis. All fluid still form so ejaculation still occurs, sperm is resorbed by the body |
| The Hormones That Control Male Reproductive Functions are SECRETED BY the | Hypothalamus, Anterior Pituitary gland, testes |
| THE HORMONES FROM THESE GLANDS: | 1. INITIATE & MAINTAIN sperm cell production 2. REGULATE the development & maintenance of male sex characteristics |
| TESTOSTERONE is the most important MALE SEX HORMONE | Interstitial (Leydig) cells in the testes PRODUCE most of testosterone. Also, small amounts of androgens are produced in the adrenal cortex, which develop into testosterone in the testes |
| THE HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS | 1. MATURATION of sperm cells (via hormones) 2. DEVELOPMENT of male secondary sex characteristics via hormones – mainly testosterone |
| Negative feedback | the reversal of an effect |
| FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE | 1. Stimulates testis development & sperm development 2. Underlies sex drive 3. Causes secondary sex characteristics |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Deepening of voice, increased hair growth – also sometimes decreased scalp hair growth, Enlargement of skeletal muscles and thickening of bones, Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords, Thickening of the skin, etc... |
| The Hypothalamus produces | GONADOTROPIN- RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) |
| 1. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) – for testosterone production | Stimulates LEYDIG CELLS (interstitial cells) in testes to produce & secrete testosterone |
| FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) – for sperm production | Stimulates SERTOLI CELLS in testes to secrete androgen-binding protein (ABP).ABP BINDS to testosterone –thus keeping the testosterone INSIDE the seminiferous tubule lumen. Testosterone inside the testes STIMULATES spermatogenesis – |
| 1. TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION Is Regulated By A Negative Feedback Loop | 1. he Hypothalamus RELEASES gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). 2. GnRH STIMULATES the anterior pituitary gland to secret LH. 3.LH STIMULATES the production of testosterone (leydig cells) 4, The RISING testosterone level inhibits release of GnRH |
| 2. SPERM PRODUCTION Is Also Regulated By A Negative | Begins with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – produced by the anterior pituitary (due to GnRH actions on the anterior pituitary gland) FSH stimulates SERTOLI CELLS in testes to SECRETE androgen-binding protein binds to testorone, keeping in S.T |
| 2. SPERM PRODUCTION Is Also Regulated By A Negative continued | As sperm count RISES, Sertoli cells start to SECRETE inhibin n Inhibin INHIBITS FSH & GnRH, As FSH & GnRH levels DROP nSperm production DECREASES |
| Organs of Female Reproductive System are specialized for SEVERAL FUNCTIONS | 1. To PRODUCE & MAINTAIN egg cells (oocytes) = gametes 2. To TRANSPORT oocytes to the site of fertilization –=3. To PRODUCE & SECRETE female sex hormones 4. To PROVIDE nutrition and a safe environment for fetal development 5. To GIVE BIRTH |
| The Female Reproductive System FUNCTIONS in a MORE “CYCLIC” way than male reproductive system | Female hormones are secreted in a complex cyclical SEQUENCE High levels and low levels, Male hormones are steadily secreted – always a similar level |
| PRIMARY FEMALE SEX ORGANS – gonads – TWO OVARIES | 1. Produce eggs (gametes) through a process called oogenesis 2. Produce the hormones estrogen and progesterone |
| Uterine wall | Layers of Smooth Muscle that STRETCHES to accommodate the developing baby; CONTRACT during childbirth to deliver the baby |
| Cervix | The opening of the uterus that extends into the vagina |
| Endometrium | The LINING of the uterus that is built up and lost each month as menstrual flow; the usual site of IMPLANTATION |
| Vagina | A muscular tube (smooth muscle) that receives the penis during sexual intercourse; the birth canal |
| OVIDUCT | (Uterine tube, FALLOPIAN TUBE) • One of two CILIATED tubes that conduct the egg toward the uterus; the usual site of fertilization |
| What covers surface of ovaries | Tunica albuginea |
| Ovaries are divided into two regions | OVARIAN MEDULLA – an INNER REGION mostly composed of LOOSE connective tissue (Contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers) 2. OVARIAN CORTEX – the OUTER REGION where germ cells (gametes, oocytes) develop (consists of compact tissue) |
| SEVERAL LIGAMENTS ANCHOR each ovary in position | 1. Suspensory Ligament 2. Ovarian Ligament 3. Broad Ligament |
| Suspensory Ligament | Attaches ovary to pelvic wall, Some consider it to be part of broad ligament, also has blood vessels & nerves |
| Ovarian Ligament | Attaches ovary to uterus |
| Broad Ligament | Attaches uterine tubes and uterus to walls and floor of pelvis |
| The Ovarian Cycle | The Ovarian Cycle also is known as “FOLLICULOGENESIS” |
| Follicle cells are also called | Granulosa Cells |
| FOLLICULOGENESIS | refers to the changes & maturation stages of FOLLICLES up to the time of OVULATION When a Follicle “BURSTS” To Release The Egg |
| 1. FIRST STAGE of Oocyte Development - Occurs DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Inside Ovary | GERM CELLS develop into GAMETES (eggs & sperm) They Arise from YOLK SAC, then MOVE to & Colonize GONADAL RIDGES in fetal abdomen by the 5th - 6th weeks of development. In females, germ cells become OOGONIA – then oocytes (oogonium, singular) |
| 2. SECOND STAGE of Oocyte Development RESUMES AFTER PUBERTY | FSH & LH Released by ANTERIOR PITUITARY n STIMULATE Primary Follicle to MATURE into a Secondary Follicle SECONDARY FOLLICLE then MATURES into Graafian Follicle The oocyte inside is now matured into a SECONDARY OOCYTE |
| When the Secondary follicle mature into a Graffain follicle what does this mean for the oocyte | Each PRIMARY OOCYTE is surrounded by Follicular (follicle) Cells. “Follicle cells PLUS oocyte” are called FOLLICLES |
| PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE | A Primary Oocyte that is surrounded by a SINGLE LAYER of flat SQUAMOUS follicle cells.. Pass nutrients & chemical signals to developing oocyte (Sertoli cells do this for developing sperm cells in testes)/ Also secrete ESTROGEN |
| 2. PRIMARY FOLLICLE | BEGIN DEVELOPING AT PUBERTY, FROM PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES. 1. EARLY STAGE Primary Follicle (SINGLE LAYER of follicular cells BECOME CUBOIDAL, thin pellucida forms). 2. LATER STAGE primary follicle ,more layers develop |
| 3. SECONDARY FOLLICLE The Oocyte is now larger, has more layers of Granulosa Cells, AND now also has an ANTRUM | The OUTERMOST granulosa cells become the THECA INTERNA The Thecal cells SECRETE a substance that turns into ESTROGENThe Thecal & Granulosa cells SECRETE follicular fluid CONTAINING ESTROGEN The follicular fluid ACCUMULATES INSIDE the follicle, in the A |
| 4. MATURE (GRAAFIAN or Tertiary) FOLLICLE The most mature oocyte+follicle cells (it will ovulate) | The Primary Oocyte now has developed into a SECONDARY OOCYTE. The Secondary Oocyte then OVULATES (is released from the Graafian Follicle. The rest of the follicles that were also maturing now DEGENERATE (becoming atretic follicles – they die) |
| 5. OVULATION is TRIGGERED by an INCREASE of LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) (released from the anterior pituitary gland) | OVULATION RELEASES the Secondary Oocyte from follicle (and ovary) .Release is REGULATED by LH, Graafian Follicle sweels until it ruptures, granola cells remain in ovary |
| 6. CORPUS LUTEUM | The REMAINING Granulosa and Thecal cells (INSIDE OVARY) – AFTER OVULATION. Produces PROGESTERONE AND SMALL AMOUNTS OF ESTROGEN |
| 7. CORPUS ALBICANS | If NO fertilization – Corpus Luteum becomes the Corpus Albicans. The cells then die and are replaced by connective tissue If fertilization OCCURRED, the Corpus Luteum will deteriorate when the PLACENTA gets large enough |
| 8. ATRETIC FOLLICLES | Normally, several follicles start developing during each menstrual cycle n Those that did NOT ovulate – DEGENERATE through a process called ATRESIA .In time, they are REPLACED by connective tissue |
| The Female “INTERNAL” ACCESSORY ORGANS | Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina |
| The FALLOPIAN TUBES (oviducts, uterine tubes) | Open into the uterus - Transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus Fertilization occurs in the upper third of the Fallopian Tube |
| Parts of fallopian tubes | 1. Fimbriae 2. Infundibulum 3. Ampulla 4. Isthmus |
| Oviduct's outer layer | has a covering of connective tissue |
| Oviduct's middle layer | Smooth Muscle |
| INNERMOST LAYER of Fallopian Tube | Cells SECRETE a FLUID MEDIUM to help TRANSPORT egg & to keep it alive (Mucus, calcium, salts, glucose, proteins, bicarbonates, lactic acid) HIGHLY FOLDED & LINED WITH CILIATED epithelial cells |
| What does Cilla do in oviduct | creates a current to transport egg to uterus |
| UTERUS | (1) harbours fetus, (2) provides a source of nutrition, and (3) expels the fetus at the end of its development |
| The UTERUS is the Organ where the fetus develops (consists of two parts) | 1. FUNDUS – broad superior (upper) curvature 2. Body (CORPUS) main body of the uterus, the lumen of the uterus is roughly triangular in shape |
| The UTERUS Extends to the Uterine Tubes and the Cervix | The uterine tubes are EXTENSIONS of the uterus – BUT are considered to be SEPARATE STRUCTURES. THE INFERIOR PORTION OPENS to the CERVIX . The cervix is EXTERIOR to the uterus – and is considered to be a SEPARATE STRUCTURE |
| Cervical canal has cervical glands that... | SECRETE MUCUS that PREVENTS the spread of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus |
| The UTERINE WALL – consists of 3 Layers | 1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium 3. Endometrium |
| PERIMETRIUM | external layer of CONNECTIVE tissue |
| MYOMETRIUM | middle MUSCULAR layer n constitutes most of the uterine wall smooth muscle - less muscular near cervix n produces labour contractions to expel fetus |
| ENDOMETRIUM | inner EPITHELIAL layer consists of Stratum Functionalis, and Stratum Basalis |
| Stratum Functionalis | facing lumen SHED each menstrual period |
| Stratum Basalis | deeper layer, sTAYS BEHIND and REGENERATES NEW stratum functionalis with each menstrual cycle |
| During pregnancy, endometrium is the SITE OF IMPLANTATION n Later, FORMS the ____ portion of placenta | maternal |
| Functions of vagina | Allows for: (1) discharge of menstrual fluid, (2) receipt of penis & semen, and (3) birth of baby |
| VAGINAL LINING (facing lumen) | CHILDHOOD – single layer of cubed- shaped (cuboidal) epithelial cells PUBERTY – estrogens transform to multi-layered squamous (flat) epithelial cells (See next slide) |
| Vagina Rugae | folds for stretching |
| FORNICES | BLIND-ENDED SPACES formed from the vagina extending slightly beyond the cervix |
| PUBIC SYMPHYSIS | Cartilaginous joint (cartilage – a connective tissue) UNITING the pubic bones (at the front of the pelvis area – in both females and males) |
| LABIA MAJORA | Pair of thick outer folds of skin of the external genitalia n Homologous to the scrotum in males |
| LABIA MINORA | Pair of thin inner folds of skin of the external genitalia Homologous to the urethral surface of the penis in males (skin around the penis and the urethra) |
| VESTIBULE | Area BETWEEN labia minora that encloses vaginal & urethral openings |
| Vestibular bulbs | Erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal Homologous to erectile tissue of the penis in males |
| Vestibular glands | Secrete mucus into vestibule for lubrication |
| Types of Vestibular glands | 1. Bartholin’s glands – homologous to bulbourethral glands in males §2. Paraurethral glands (Skene's glands) – homologous to prostate in males |
| CLITORIS | Erectile, sensory organ with no urinary role, composed of two columns of erticles tissue, homologous to glans penis in males |
Created by:
ryenedberg
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