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Biology EOC Review
This is a vocab review for everything related to the Biology EOC.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ecology | scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment |
| biosphere | part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere |
| species | group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| population | group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area |
| community | assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area |
| ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment |
| biome | group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities |
| autotroph | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer |
| producer | organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph |
| photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
| chemosythesis | process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates |
| heterotroph | organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer |
| consumer | organism that relies on other organisms for its energy and food supply; also called a heterotroph |
| herbivore | organism that obtains energy by eating only plants |
| carnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating animals |
| omnivore | organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals |
| detritivore | organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter |
| decomposer | organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter |
| food chain | series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten |
| food web | network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem |
| trophic level | step in a food chain or food web |
| ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web |
| biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level |
| biogeochemical cycle | process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another |
| evaporation | process by which water changes from a liquid into an atmospheric gas |
| transpiration | loss of water from a plant through its leaves |
| nutrient | chemical substance that an organism requires to live |
| nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia |
| denitrification | conversion of nitrates into nitrogen gas |
| primary productivity | rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem |
| limiting nutrient | single nutrient that either is scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem |
| algal bloom | an immediate increase in the amount of algae and other producers that results from a large input of a limiting nutrient |
| phytoplankton | population of algae and other small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean and forming part of plankton |
| food vacuole | small cavity in the cytoplasm of protists that temporarily stores food |
| cilium | short hairlike projection similar to a flagellum; produces movement in many cells |
| contractile vacuole | Cavity in the cytoplasm of some protists that collects water and discharges it from the cell |
| prokaryote | unicellular organism lacking a nucleus |
| virus | a particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids that can replicate only by infecting living cells |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| retrovirus | virus that contains RNA as its genetic information |
| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population |
| relative frequency | number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur |
| single-gene trait | trait controlled by a single gene that has two alleles |
| polygenic trait | trait controlled by two or more genes |
| directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve |
| stabilizing selection | form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end |
| disruptive selection | form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle |
| genetic drift | random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations |
| evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms |
| theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| fossil | preserved remains or evidence of an ancient organism |
| artificial selection | selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from natural variation |
| struggle for existence | competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life |
| fitness | ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment |
| adaptation | inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival |
| survival of the fittest | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection |
| natural selection | process by which the individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest |
| descent with modification | principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time |
| common descent | principle that all living things were derived from common ancestors |
| homologous structures | structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues |
| vestigial organ | organ that serves no useful function in an organism |
| bacteriophage | kind of virus that infects bacteria |
| nucleotide | building block of a nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) |
| base pairing | Adenine+ Thymine, Cytosine+ Guanine |
| chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes |
| histone | protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
| replication | (genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| mRNA (messenger RNA) | RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
| rRNA (ribosomal RNA) | type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| transcription | process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| codon | three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| translation | decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
| anticodon | group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
| mutation | a change or alteration in form or qualities |
| sex-linked genes | genes found on the chromosomes that determine sex, XX= female, XY= male |
| nondisjunction | occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate |
| homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
| diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
| meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
| cell division | process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
| mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
| cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
| chromatid | one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome |
| centromere | area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
| interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| cell cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
| centriole | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
| spindle | fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
| telophase | fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material |
| cancer | disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth |
| Nucleus | Controls the cell |
| Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane | controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| Cell wall | structure and support of plant cell |
| Mitochondria | site of cellular respiration. releases energy from food to make atp |
| Vacuoles | storage of food water and waste |
| Chloroplasts | site of photosynthesis. makes food (glucose) for plant cell |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis - not membrane bound |
| Prokaryotes | is a single-celled organism (bacteria) that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelles |
| Eukaryote | any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes. |
| Osmosis | water moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with no energy needed |
| Diffusion | movement of substances from an area of high concentration to low concentration; no energy needed |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration using a transport protein. NO energy needed |
| Active Transport | movement of substances from low concentration to high concentration where ENERGY is needed |
| Homoestasis | maintaining a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment |
| Enzyme | a protein that accelerates, or catalyze, chemical reactions. Lowers activation energy of chemical reactions |
| activation energy | Least amount of energy needed to for a chemical reaction to occur |
Created by:
Ms.Shirley
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