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bio chpt 16,17,18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does it mean to be gram-positive? | gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan |
| Prokaryotes make ____ to help survive during harsh conditions | endospores |
| Phototrophs get energy from ____ | sunlight |
| Chemotrophs get energy from ____ | chemicals |
| ____ is the use of prokaryotes to remove pollutants | bioremediation |
| Extreme halophiles | salt lovers |
| Extreme thermophiles | heat lovers |
| Methanogens | anaerobic conditions |
| The five major groups of bacteria: | proteobacteria, gram-positive bacteria, cyanobacteria, chlamydias, spirochetes |
| Proteobacteria | all gram-negative and a share a certain rRNA sequence |
| Cyanobacteria | the only group of prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen generating photosynthesis |
| Chlamydias | live inside eukaryotic host cells |
| Spirohetes | pathogens |
| Three factors that contribute to genetic diversity of prokaryotes: | rapid reproduction, mutation, genetic recombination |
| Prokaryotes reproduce ____ | asexually or using binary fission |
| Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by ____, _____, and ____ | transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
| DNA transformation: | incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment |
| DNA transduction: | movement of genes between bacteria by phages |
| Conjugation: | genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells |
| Pathogenic bacteria often cause disease by producing ____ and ____ | exotoxins and endotoxins |
| Exotoxins | proteins that bacterial cells secrete into the their environment |
| Endotoxins | lipid components of the outer membrane of the gram-negative bacteria that are released when the cell dies or is digested |
| SAR supergroup contains what three clades | stramenopila, alveolata, rhizaria |
| Stramenopila examples: | diatoms, brown algae, water molds |
| Alveolata examples: | dinoflagellates, ciliates, some parasites |
| Rhizaria examples: | foraminiferans and radiolarians |
| The four super groups are: | SAR, Excavata, archaeplastida, unikonta |
| Plants and green algae called charophytes ____, ____, ____ | evolved from a common ancestor, have complex multicellular bodies and are photosynthetic eukaryotes |
| Adaptations to living on land? (plants) | sunlight, lots of atmospheric CO2, few pathogens and plant eating animals |
| Disadvantages to living on land? (plants) | maintain moisture in cells, need support to stand up, reproduce without moisture, live in soil |
| Shared traits of charophytes: | rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast |
| Five key traits that differ from charophytes | alternation of generations, multicellular, dependent embryos, walled spores, multicellular gametangia, apical meristems |
| Bryophyte examples: | mosses, liverwort, hornwort |
| Clades of vascular non-seed plants | lycophytes (club mosses) monilophytes (ferns) |
| Types of seeded vascular plants | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| The haploid generation of plants that makes ____ is called the ____ | gametes, gametophyte |
| The diploid generation of plants that makes ____ is called ____ | spores, sporophyte |
| Why are bryophytes life cycle unique? | their dominant stage is the gametophyte |
| Peat moss can be used a source of what? | fuel |
| What type of plant has a "heart" shaped reproductive organ? | ferns (seedless vascular plants) |
| What formed coal? | decaying plants of the Devonian and Carboniferous forests (the two clades of seedless vascular plants) |
| In seed plants, the sperm is reduced to a ____ | nucleus |
| Five derived traits of seed plants | reduced gametophytes, heterospory, ovules, pollen, seeds |
| Microspore gives rise to a ____ gametophyte | male |
| Megaspore gives rise to a ____ gametophyte | female |
| Flowers are the sites of ____ and ____ | pollination and fertilization |
| Flowers have ____ and ____ parts | male and female |
| Flowers consist of ____, ____, ____, and ____ | sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
| What are the male parts of a flower? | stamen; anther, filament and pollen |
| What are the female parts of a flower? | carpel; stigma, style, ovary, and ovule |
| What are fruits? | ripened ovaries of flowers and an adaptation that help disperse seeds |
| Seed dispersal mechanisms | wind, animals |
| Fruit=___ | mature ovary |
| 90% of plants have a symbiotic relationship with ___ fungi | mycorrhizal |
| Most fungi are ____ | saprobes |
| What is a saprobe | fungi that break down |
| Fungi are ____ ____ | heterotrophic eukaryotes |
| Imperfect fungi use ____ reproduction | asexual |
| What are the five fungi groups? | chytrids, zygomycetes, glomeromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes |
| Fungi are most closely related to unicellular protists called ____ | nucleariids |
| Glomeroycota | formed with plants |
| Ascomycota | sac fungi |
| Basidiomycetes | club fungi |
| What is the name for a fungal infection in animals | mycosis |
| Lichens are made of ____ and ____ | algae and fungi |
| Animals are ____, ____ ____, and lack ____ ____ | eukaryotes, multicellular heterotrophs and lack cell walls |
| After a sperm fertilizes an egg, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division called ____ | cleavage |
| Cleavage forms ____ | blastula |
| What do hox genes do? | regulate the development of body form |
| Larva | sexually immature, stage after egg |
| Juvenile | resembles an adult but isn't sexually mature |
| ____% of animals are invertebrates | 96 |
| Ectoderm | germ layer covering the embryo's surface |
| Endoderm | innermost germ layer and lines developing digestive tube called the archenteron |
| Sponges lack ____ ____ | true tissues |
| Diploblastic only have ____ and ____ | ectoderm and endoderm |
| Triploblastic have an intermediate tissue layer called | mesoderm |
| Protostome opening is the future ____ | mouth |
| Deuterostome opening is the future ____ | anus |
| A true body cavity is called a ____ and is derived from ____ | coelom; mesoderm |
| Coelomates are animals that posses a true ____ | coelom |
| What group has radial symmetry | cnidarians |
| ____ is a clade of animals with tissues | Eumetazoa "true animals" |
| What type of animal lack body symmetry | sponges |
| Central cavity in sponges is called ____ | spongocoel |
| What filters food from water in sponges? | choanocytes |
| Cnidarians are ____ with _____ cells | radial; stinging |
| Two body forms of cnidarians | polyp and medusa |
| ____ are organelles that contain a stinging thread | nematocysts |
| ____ ____ contains the internal organs of a mollusc | visceral mass |
| ____ my contain a shell in molluscs | mantle |
| Molluscs feed themselves with a ____ | radula |
| Annelids are ____ ____ | segmented worms |
| What are the four major classes of molluscs | polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda |
| Nematodes can be ____ | parasites |
| Arthropods have an ____ | exoskeleton |
| As an arthropod grows, it must ____ | molt |
| The body of an insect typically contains these five things: | head, thorax, abdomen, three sets of legs, wings |
| Complete metamorphosis: | larva ---> pupa ---> adult |
| Incomplete metamorphosis: | larva ---> multiple molts ---> adult |
Created by:
mac271
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