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Unit 2 - AP Bio
Contains flashcards over topics 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, and 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cells | the basic structural and functional units of every organism |
| 4 Necessary Components of Every Cell | bound by a plasma membrane, contain cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes |
| Prokaryotes | DNA is in the nucleoid region, smaller than eukaryotes, and contains bacteria and archaea |
| Eukaryotes | DNA is in the nucleus, contian membrane bound organelles, and include protists, fungi, animals, and plants |
| Endomembrane Organelles | nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles/vacuoles, plasma membrane |
| Energy Organelles | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Compartmentalization | allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations, increases surface area for reactions to occur, and prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location |
| Unique Plant Components | chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata |
| Unique Animal Components | lysosomes, centrosomes, flagella |
| Nucleus | contains chromosomes, is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, and has a double membrane with pores to regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell |
| Nucleolus | dense region of the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized, which is then used to form ribosomes that exit through nuclear pores |
| Ribosomes | organelles that synthesize proteins and are comprised of RNA and protein |
| Ribosome Locations | Cytosol (if found here, they only function in the cytosol) and the endoplasmic reticulum (if found here, they can leave the cell) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | a network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes membranes ; has compartmentalization |
| Rough ER | contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane |
| Smooth ER | contains no ribosomes and its functions are synthesizing lipids, metabolizing carbohydrates, and detoxifying the cell |
| Golgi Complex | composed of cisternae and it receives transport vesicles from ER, modifies material, sorts the material, adds molecular tags, and then sends it to the membrane for exocytosis |
| Cisternae | flattened membranous sacs that separates it from the cytosol ; has directionality (Cis and Trans face) |
| Cis Face | receives vesicles from the ER (cisternae) |
| Trans Face | sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion (cisternae) |
| Lysosomes | membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells |
| Autophagy | lysosomes can recycle their own cells organic material and allows the cell to renew itself |
| Peroxisomes | membrane bound metabolic compartment that produces H2O2, which is then broken down into water |
| Food Vacuole | form through phagocytosis (cell eating) and then are digested by lysosomes |
| Contractile Vacuole | maintain water levels in cells |
| Central Vacuole | found in plants and maintains turgor pressure |
| Endosymbiont Theory | an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell, which created the energy organelles (explains similarity between the energy organelles and prokaryotes) |
| Endosymbiont Theory Evidence | double membrane, ribosomes, circular DNA, capable of functioning on their own |
| Mitochondria | site of cellular respiration and has a double membrane (smooth outer membrane and a inner membrane with cristae) |
| Mitochondria Double Membrane Importance | divides the mitcohondria into two internal compartments and increases surface area (compartmentalization) |
| Intermembrane | space between inner and outer membrane |
| Mitochondrial Matrix | location of Krebs Cycle and contains enzymes for cellular respiration that produce ATP, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes |
| Chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
| Chlorophyll | green pigment in the chloroplast |
| Thylakoids | membranous sacs that can organize into grana |
| Grana | stacked thylakoids, the light dependent reactions occur here |
| Stroma | the fluid around the thylakoids that is the location for the Calvin Cycle ; contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes |
| Cytoskeleton | a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm that gives structural and mechanical support |
| Cytoskeleton Importance | it anchors organelles, allows for movement of vesicles and organelles in the cell (which occurs when it interacts with motor proteins) |
| 3 Cytoskeleton Fibers | microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules | serves as strucural support for the movement of organelles with motor proteins, assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division, and assist in cell motility |
| Tubulin | protein that makes up the hollow rod-like microtubules |
| Microfilaments | maintain cell shape, assist in muscle contraction and cell motility, and helps in the division of animal cells |
| Actin | protein that makes up the thin solid rod-like microfilaments |
| Intermediate Filaments | maintain cell shape, anchor the nucleus and organelles, and forms the nuclear lamina |
| Cellular Metabolism (In/Out) | cellular waste and thermal energy leave the cell while nutrients and other materials must enter |
| Cell Size | at a certain size, it begins to be too difficult for a cell to regulate what comes in and what goes out of the plasma membrane |
| SA : V | cells need a high surface area to volume ratio to optimize the exchange of material through the plasma membrane |
| Small Cells (SA:V) | smaller cells have a higher SA:V ratio, which means the exchange of material is optimized |
| Large Cells (SA:V) | larger cells has a lower SA:V , which causes it to lose efficiency when exchanging materials |
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