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BIO 2274 Practical 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When comparing the position of the 2 kidneys | the right kidney is slightly more inferior to the left kidney |
| Cortical nephrons represent about what percent of the nephrons? | 80% |
| Which of the following does not represent one of the processes in urine formation? A) secretion of renin B) glomerular filtration C) tubular reabsorption D) tubular secretion | A) secretion of renin |
| The _____ arteries and veins are located in the corticomedullary junction. | arcuate |
| The _____ is the tube from the kidney to the urinary bladder. | ureter |
| The trigone is a triangular, funnel-like region of the _____. | urinary bladder |
| The external urethral sphincter is composed of involuntary smooth muscle: True or False? | False |
| Urine consists of about _____ percent water and _____ percent solutes | 95% water and 5% solutes |
| A urinalysis consists of all of the following except: A) physical characteristics B) chemical analysis C) microscopic examination D) body temperature analysis | D) body temperature analysis |
| Microscopic solids are stained with _____ in order to make identification possible. | Sedi-stain |
| Which of the following would be most typical urinary output in a day? A) 0.5 liters B) 0.8 liters C) 1.2 liters D) 2.2 liters | C) 1.2 liters |
| Which of the following would represent a normal pH range of urine? A) 4.6-8.0 B) 0-14 C) 7.35-7.45 D) 5-10 | A) 4.6-8.0 |
| Red blood cells are a normal sediment found in urine: True of False? | False |
| Describe how the urinalysis test works. | Involves 3 aspects: physical characteristics, chemical analysis, and microscopic examination. |
| Describe the physical characteristics part of urinalysis. | notes include volume, color, transparency, and oder |
| Describe the chemical analysis part of urinalysis. | analysis of solutes in urine addresses urea and other nitrogenous wastes, electrolytes, pigments, and possible glucose, proteins, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, and hemoglobin |
| Describe the microscopic examination part of urinalysis. | an examination of microscopic solids, including cells, casts, and crystals assists in the diagnosis of injury, various diseases, and urinary infections |
| What is specific gravity? | the ratio of the weight of something to the weight of an equal volume of pure water. |
| What is the normal of specific gravity for pure water? | 1.000 |
| What is the normal specific gravity for urine? | 1.015-1.025 |
| What is a urinometer vs refractometer? | a urinometer determines the specific gravity of urine using buoyancy while a refractometer measures concentrations of aqueous solutions by using light refractions. |
| What are the normal values for H+ ion concentration in urinalysis? | 4.8-7.4 normal pH |
| What are the normal values for protein in urinalysis? | usually not present |
| What are the normal values for glucose in urinalysis? | 0.03 gm/mL |
| What are the normal values for ketones in urinalysis? | usually not present |
| What are the normal values for hemoglobin in urinalysis? | usually not present |
| what are the normal values of bilirubin in urinalysis? | 0.02 mg/mL |
| What can cause a high specific gravity? | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| What can cause a low specific gravity? | diabetes insipidus |
| What can cause a high urine pH? | vegetarian diet |
| What can cause a low urine pH? | high protein diet |
| What can cause a high amount of glucose in urine? | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| What can cause a low amount of glucose in urine? | nothing because glucose is not present in normal urine |
| What can cause high amounts of proteins in urine? | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, kidney disease, or high blood pressure |
| What can cause a low amount of proteins in urine? | nothing because proteins are not present in normal urine |
| What can cause a high amount of ketones in urine? | uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
| What can cause a low amount of ketones in urine? | nothing because ketones are not present in normal urine |
| What can cause a high amount of bilirubin in urine? | liver disorders |
| What can cause a low amount of bilirubin in urine? | nothing because bilirubin is not present in normal urine |
| What can cause high amounts of urobilinogen in urine? | hemolytic anemia with infectious hepatitis or cirrhosis |
| What can cause low amounts of urobilinogen in urine? | inadequate bile production or biliary obstruction |
| What can high amounts of hemoglobin in urine? | menses, renal disease, transfusion reaction, or injury to the urinary organs |
| What can cause low amounts of hemoglobin in urine? | nothing because hemoglobin is not present in normal urine |
| What can cause high amounts of nitrite in urine? | urinary tract infection |
| What can cause low amounts of nitrite in urine? | nothing because nitrites are not present in normal urine |
| What can cause high amounts of leukocytes in urine? | infection of the urinary tract, urinary bladder, or kidney |
| What can cause low amounts of leukocytes in urine? | nothing because leukocytes are not present in normal urine |
| What is the color of normal urine? | slight yellow to amber |
| What is the transparency of normal urine? | clear |
| What is the odor of normal urine? | slight ammonia-like |
| What is the microscopic functional unit of the kidney? | nephron |
| The renal corpuscle includes the golmerulus and the _____. | glomerular capsule |
| The patient has clear urine. What could this indicate? | clear color urine may indicate a more diluted urine |
| The pads on a urinalysis test strip contain which of the following? A) reagents that react with solvents B) urine solvents C) pH indicators D) urine solutes | A) reagents that react with solutes |
| The patient has cloudy urine. What could this indicate? | Cloudy urine may indicate a urinary tract infection |
| In the urinalysis lab, why is it important to wait 1 minute before reading the urine values? | you must allow adequate time for the urine to react with each test pad |
| In which specific part of the kidney is urine formed? | Nephron |
| Which of the following are NOT normally found in urine? A) salts B) proteins C) blood D) water E) glucose F) leukocytes G) nitrogenous waste | B) proteins C) blood E) glucose F) leukocytes |
| Where are sperm produced? | seminiferous tubules |
| What is the ductus deferens located in? | spermatic cord |
| The _____ is the common tube for the passage of urine and semen | urethra |
| Which of the following would NOT be visible in a cross section of a penis? A) urethra B) corpus spongiosum C) corpora cavernosa D) epididymis | D) epididymis |
| The interstitial cells produce what? | testosterone |
| The following glands are paired EXCEPT the A) prostate B) testis C) seminal vesicle D) bulbourethral | Prostate |
| The smooth muscle represents the thickest layer of the wall of the ductus deferens: True or False? | True |
| The rete testis connects directly to the tail of the epididymis: True or False? | False |
| Where does oogenesis originate within? | follicle |
| Early cleavage division occurs within the? | uterine tube |
| Which of the following is NOT a structure of the uterus? A) cervi B) fimbriae C) endometrium D) myometrium | B) fimbriae |
| What are the milk-producing parts of the mammary glands? | alveolar glands |
| How many openings are located on a human nipple? | 15-20 |
| Which of the following structures occupies the most anterior position of the external genitalia? A) hymen B) clitoris C) external urethral orifice D) vaginal orifice | B) clitoris |
| The broad ligament is the largest ligament involved in holding female reproductive organs in position: True or False? | False, suspensory ligament |
| Primordial follicles are concentrated in the medulla region of an ovary: True or False? | False |
| Fertilization occurs within the? | uterine tube |
| The _____ is the most inferior part of the uterus. | cervix |
| The _____ of the breast terminate on the nipples. | lactiferous ducts |
| What 2 things do both males and females have? | urethra and prepuce |
| What is the rounded end of the uterus near the uterine tubes? | fundus |
| What is the surface region of the female reproductive organs around external genitalia? | perineum |
| What is the process by which a secondary oocyte is released from the ovary? | ovulation |
| What is the thin membrane that partially closes the vaginal orifice? | hymen |
| What is the smooth muscle that contracts during childbirth? | myometrium |
| Sperm are stored in the? | epididymis |
| Where is the location of spermatogenesis? | seminiferous tubules |
| What is located with prostate gland and can propel semen into urethra? | ejaculatory duct |
| What contains sperm and secretions from accessory glands? | semen |
| what are tiny paired glands that secrete into urethra? | bulbourethral glands |
| What is the maturation and storage site within a coiled tube along testis? | epididymis |
| What surrounds the urethra and secretes seminal fluid? | prostate |
| What contains 3 columns of erectile tissue? | penis |
| What part of the penis is removed during circumcision? | prepuce |
| What male body part provides lower body temperature for spermatogenesis? | scrotum |
| What provides protection of testis and epididymis? | scrotum |
| What 2 parts of the male body become engorged with blood during an erection? | copora cavernosa and corpus spongiosium |
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