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The Nervous System
Neurons, the brain and nerves
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a stimulus? | Any change in your environment |
| What is a neuron? | A specialised cell that carries electrical messages (impulses) around the body |
| What is a receptor? | A nerve cell that detects the stimulus (e.g cells in your five senses) |
| What is an impulse? | An electrical message that is carried along a neuron |
| What are the three types of neuron? | Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron |
| What are the functions of the three types of neuron? | Sensory- carries impulses from sense organ to central nervous system (CNS) Interneuron- carries impulses between sensory and motor neurons within the CNS Motor- carries impulses from CNS to muscles and glands |
| What is reflex action? Give examples and functions | An involuntary response to a stimulus- breathing, blinking, flinching, pulling hand away from something hot Function: protection and to keep us alive |
| What is the difference between white and grey matter? | White matter contains the myelin sheath and fat Grey matter does not contain the myelin sheath and has little fat |
| What is the central nervous system (CNS)? | The brain and spinal cord |
| What is the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | Neurons leading towards and away from the CNS |
| Where are interneurons found? | The CNS |
| What causes the transmission of an impulse along a neuron? | The movement of ions (charged particles) |
| What speeds up a nerve impulse? | The myelin sheath |
| Name a nervous system related disorder | Paralysis- the loss of ability to move some or all of your body |
| What are the causes of paralysis? | Severe head of spinal cord injury, stroke, brain tumour |
| What are some preventions of paralysis? | Maintain a balanced diet, engage in daily active exercise, quit smoking |
| What is the treatment of paralysis? | Exercise and physiotherapy for temporary paralysis- Permanent paralysis does not have a treatment, only technological advances to make life easier |
| Where is the cerebrum and what is its function? | Fore/front of the brain- controls voluntary muscles and receives impulses from sense organs, e.g memory, language, emotions, personality |
| Where is the cerebellum and what is its function? | Hind/back brain- controls muscular coordination, e.g balance |
| Name a function of the medulla oblongata | Controls involuntary actions, e.g heartrate |
| Name a function of the thalamus | Sends messages to different parts of the brain |
| Name a function of the hypothalmus | Controls internal environment of the body |
| Where are the motor and sensory neurons found? | The PNS |
| Give an example of a neurotransmitter | Dopamine |
| Name a disorder associated with the breakdown of the myelin sheath | MS |
| State the All or Nothing Law | If the threshold is reached, an impulse is carried. If a threshold is not reached, an impulse is not carried |
| What is a resting neuron? | A neuron not carrying a nerve impulse |
| What is a threshold? | The minimum stimulus needed to cause an impulse to be carried in a neuron |
| What is the refractory period? | A short time span after a neuron has carried an impulse during which a stimulus will fail to cause a response, allowing an impulse to travel in one direction |
| What happens to neurotransmitters after they've crossed the Synaptic Cleft/Synapse? | They go back to the synaptic knob to be reabsorbed in a pre-synaptic neuron |
| How do neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft? | Diffusion |
| What is the function of dendrites? | To carry impulses towards the cell body |
| What is the function of the axon? | To carry impulses away from the cell body |
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