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Chapter 2 Vocab
Chapter 2: Chemistry of life
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Atom | The smallest basic unit of matter |
Element | An atom that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by any ordinary chemical means |
Compound | a substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio |
Ion | An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons |
Ionic Bond | Form through the electrical force between oppositely charged ions |
Covalent Bond | Form when atoms share a pair of electrons |
Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
Hydrogen Bond | An attraction between between a slightly positive hydrogen atom, and a slightly negative hydrogen atom, often oxygen or nitrogen |
Cohesion | The attraction among the molecules of a substance |
Adhesion | The attraction among the molecules of a different substance |
Solution | A mixture of substances that is the same throughout (homogenous mixture) |
Solvent | The substance that is present in the greater amount that dissolves another substance |
Solute | The substance that dissolves in a solvent |
Acid | A compound that releases a proton when it dissolves in water |
Base | Compounds that remove H+ ions from a solution |
PH | A solutions acidity, or H+ ion concentration |
Monomer | Each subunit in the complete molecule |
Polymer | A large molecule made of many monomers bonded together |
Carbohydrate | Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and they include sugars and starches |
Lipid | Non-polar molecules that includes fat, oil and cholestrol |
Fatty Acid | Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms |
Protein | A polymer made of monomers called amino acids |
Amino Acid | Molecules that contain hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
Nucleic Acid | Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides |
Chemical Reaction | Changes substances into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds |
Reactant | The substance(s) that is changed during a chemical reaction |
Product | The substance(s) that is made by a chemical reaction |
Bond Energy | The amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms |
Equilibrium | Reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate |
Activation Energy | The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start |
Exothermic | Chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs |
Endothermic | Chemical reaction absorbs more energy that is releases |
Catalyst | a substance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and, as a result, increases the rate of the chemical reaction |
Enzyme | Catalyst for chemical reactions in living things |
Substrate | Specific reactants that an enzyme acts on |