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Mr. Wills Holt Ch10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three reasons why cells reproduce? | cell size(too large),cell maintenance, to grow |
| Gene | segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| Chromosome | a section of DNA that becomes highly condensed and visible during mitosis |
| Chromatin | substance containing DNA and protein that makes up the chromosome |
| Chromatid | one of two identical copies of DNA in a chromosome |
| Sister chromatids | two identical copies of DNA that form the “X” of a chromosome during mitosis |
| Centromere | region of the chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together. |
| Daughter cells | two genetically identical cells produced by cell division |
| What are three characteristics of prokaryotic cell division? | simple, small amount of circular DNA, 20 min |
| Centrioles | structure that form spindle fibers and organize the chromosmes |
| Spindle fibers | microtubules(protein) that move chromosomes during mitosis |
| What are three characteristics of eukaryotic cell division? | more complex, lots of linear DNA pieces (chromosomes), 24 hours |
| Interphase | the first three phases on the cell cycle |
| G1 Phase | first gap phase of the cc that the cell grows |
| S Phase | Synthesis phase of the cc that DNA is copied |
| G2 Phase | second gap phase, preparation for mitosis centrioles form |
| Mitosis | phase of the cc that the chromosomes are separated |
| Prophase | 1. Nuclear envelope dissolves, 2. Centrioles move, 3. Chromosomes condense/visible, 4. Spindles form |
| Metaphase | 1. Centrioles opp sides of nucleus, 2. Chromosomes line up at the equator |
| Anaphase | 1. Spindle fibers shorten. 2. Centromere breaks 3. each Chromatid moves to opposite sides of cell |
| Telaphase | 1. New nuclear envelop surrounds DNA. 2. Cytokinesis begins |
| Cytokinesis | phase of the cc that the cytoplasm and the organelles are divided |
| What causes a cell to divide? | 1. signals from organs and cells 2. Environmental signals. |
| What are check points? | They are like quality control agents that check and make sure the cell has the right material and being built correctly. |
| G1 checkpoint | Makes sure conditions are favorable for cell to prepare to divide |
| G2 checkpoint | checks DNA and fixes mistakes |
| Mitosis checkpoint | makes sure the DNA is separated properly |
| Cancer | disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells |
| Tumor | growth that arises from normal cells but grows uncontrollably and lack proper function |
| What are the two types of tumors? | benign and malignant |
| Benign tumor | a tumor that does not spread |
| Metastasis | the process of a cancer spreading |
| Malignant tumor | type of tumor that is likely to spread to other parts of the body |
| What are the three treatments for cancer? | surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. |
| Regulatory proteins | proteins that speed up or slow down the cell cycle |
| Cyclins | these are proteins that regulate the cell cycle |
| Internal Regulators | regulatory proteins that respond to events inside the cell |
| External Regulators | regulators that respond to activity outside the cell |
| Growth Factors | these are external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth of embryos and the wound healing |
| Asexual reproduction | reproduction by binary fission or mitosis that creates new identical cells from a single cell |
| Sexual reproduction | the making of new organisms that are genetically different than either parent |
| Cell surface area to volume ratio | a ratio that shows that the volume of the cell increases faster than the surface area causing there to be a difficulty moving materials into and out of the cell. |
| Metastasis | when cancer cells spread from one location of the body to another |
| Cell differentiation | the process by which cells become specialized |
| Stem Cells | are cells that haven’t become specialized |
| Adult Stem Cells | stem cells found in adults that are multipotent(can be come other types of cell in same tissue) |
| Embryonic stem cells | are stem cells found in the embryo of organisms that can become any type of cell in the body. |
| Possible stem cell benefits | being able to repair all the tissues of the body |
| Ethical Issues | human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because the arguments for and against it both involve the ethical issues of life and death |
| iPS cells | induced pluripotent stem cells are adult stem cells that are made to be able to become more types of specialized cells. |
Created by:
mrwillsshs
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