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BioL Chp.17
Adaptive Immunity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| adaptive immunity | the body's ability to recognize and defend itself against specific foreign substances or microbes |
| antigen | a substance that may be recognized as foreign and provoke an immune response |
| specificity | targets specific foreign substances |
| memory | subsequent invasions provoke more rapid and vigorous responses |
| cell-mediated immunity | involves immune cells directly binding to and attacking the antigen-carrying foreign substance; T cells are responsible |
| humoral immunity | involves the production of antibodies to stimulate an immune response |
| antibody | a protein that binds to antigens on a foreign substance to identify and neutralize the substance |
| haptens | smaller molecules that require a carrier molecule (such as another protein) to generate initial antigenic activity |
| immunogens | antigens capable of provoking an immune response resulting in the release of antibodies |
| epitope (antigenic determinant) | antibodies often bind to specific regions of an antigen called these |
| self-antigens (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] antigens) | antigens to help the body differentiate body cells from foreign cells |
| antigen processing | the antigen (either from outside or within the cell) is broken down into fragments |
| immunoglobulin (Ig) | another name for antibody due to its shape |
| heavy chains | two large chains |
| light chains | two small chains |
| antigen-binding sites | the tips of the chains |
| valence | the number of antigen-binding sites an antibody has |
| variable regions | the top halves of the antibody arms; contain the antigen-binding sites |
| constant regions | the stem and bottom halves of the antibody arms |
| IgG | represents about 80% of all antibodies found in the blood |
| IgM | involved in stimulating complement system activity and responding to ABO blood antigens |
| IgA | is most common in mucous membranes and body secretions |
| IgD | associated with B cells |
| IgE | involved in allergic reactions |
| affinity | the strength of the bond between an antibody and an antigen |
| specificity | the extent to which an antibody binds only a single eptiope and no others |
| monoclonal antibodies | bind only one epitope |
| polyclonal antibodies | can bind different epitopes |
| agglutination | is when antigen-antibody complexes clump together into large aggregates |
| opsonization | when antigens are covered with antibodies to stimulate phagocytosis |
| antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity | is similar to opsonization, but leads to cytolysis |
| neutralization | blocks the antigen from binding to cellular receptors |
| Helper T cells | binds to MHC class II molecules on B cells and antigen-presenting cells |
| cytotoxic T cells | bind to MHC class I molecules on infected cells |
| clusters of differentiation | glycoproteins on their cell surface |
| cytokines | protein or glycoprotein hormones and stimulate activity in leukocytes |
| interlukins | cytokines that allow communication between leukocytes |
| chemokines | cytokines that induce leukocyte migration into infected or damaged tissue areas |
| hematopoietic cytokines | control blood cell differentiation |
| tumor necrosis factor | targets tumor cells |
| interferons | also cytokines |
| tumor antigens | when a normal cell becomes cancerous, new antigens often appear on the cell surface |
| immunological surveillance | anti-cancer cell immune responses |
| immunological memory | adaptive immunity has a memory for antigens that have triggered immune responses in the past |
| antibody titer | the amount of antibodies found in blood; a measure of immunological memory |
| primary response | during an initial encounter with a foreign antigen, the antibody titer increases slightly, then decreases |
| secondary response | where the antibody titer increases dramatically |
| active immunity | results from exposure to antigens and results in formation of B and T cells |
| passive immunity | results from receiving antibodies against specific antigens from an outside source |
Created by:
kaitejules
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