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DHG 230 Exam II
Exam II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| - Operates under CDC and ASTDD - Water fluoridation - Oral health indicators - States must have access to data for decision making | NOHSS (National Oral Health Surveillance System) |
| - Based on current needs and priorities - Focus on how people live their lives - Increases the amount of people who use the oral healthcare system | LHI (Leading Health Indicators) |
| - Operated under CDC - Uniqueness: interviews and exams - Self-reporting - Major source of assessment and surveillance data, designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of health and nutritional status of adults and children in the U.S. | NHANES (national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) |
| detects small differences | sensitivity |
| death rate resulting from disease or condition in population | mortality |
| - significant difference exists between the data by comparing the observed frequencies to the expected frequencies - Questionnaire data - Ex: 3 groups are all assigned a different type of toothbrush and switched so each group uses each type | chi-square test |
| we accept the null hypothesis, but it is false and should have been rejected | type II error |
| both variables increase/decrease | positive |
| - The result is likely to be a chance occurrence - If score is due to chance rule: No if the p < .05 Yes if the p > .05 | statistical significance |
| - Designed by ASTDD - Basic oral health screening and referral for preschool and school children, older adults - Tongue blade, mirror, lighting - Self-reporting - Rapid assessment using visual detection and providing info about dental and oral lesions | BSS (Basic Screening Survey) |
| - Provides guidelines for state debts - Provides direction for public health professionals - Promotes health equity and quality of life - Eliminates oral health disparities - Achieve oral health and total health for all populations | ASTDD (Association of State Territorial Dental Directors) |
| - Based on self-reporting on perception of health - Overall well-being | HRQOL (Health Related Quality of Life) |
| - Ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow, and convey range of emotions with confidence, without pain, discomfort, and disease - Measured by personal rating of health, # of healthy days, and years of healthy life - Self-reporting | OHQOL (Oral Health Related Quality of Life) |
| ongoing systemic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data essential to planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practice (NOHSS, NHANES) | surveillance |
| measures what it intended to measure | validity |
| - reproducible, measure consistently at different times - Can be reproduced by the same examiner or different examiner with the same results | reliability |
| each individual examiner is scoring equivalently time and time again (same examiner with same examiner) | intra-rater reliability |
| consistency exists between 2 or more examiners | inter-rater reliability |
| - To assess oral cleanliness by estimating tooth surfaces covered with debris or calculus - DI+CI= OHI-S - DI= total debris scored/# of teeth (0-3) - CI= total calculus score/ # of teeth (0-3) - OHI= 0-6 - Reversible | OHI & OHI-S (indices) |
| - Provides standardized survey and eval of periodontal treatment needs of patients with suspected disease - Records: periodontal pockets, gingival inflammation, dental calculus, plaque retentive factors | CPITN (indices) |
| - Determines status of dental caries activity of permanent dentition - Posterior = 5 - Anterior = 4 - only teeth affected by caries can be counted - When it comes to a tooth with decay and filling, always count it as decay - Irreversible | DMFT & DMFS (indices) |
| - Determines status of dental caries activity of primary dentition - DMF: decay, missing, filled - DF: decay, filled - DEF: decay, extracted filled - All based on if teeth are affected by caries - Irreversible | DMF, DF, DEF (indices) |
| - inflammation and bleeding - Does not look at pocket depth or bone loss - GBI - both sides of interdental papilla, uses dental floss - SBI - evaluates 4 gingival areas per tooth for bleeding, uses probe - Scored 0-5 (5 being the worst) - Reversible | GBI & SBI (indices) |
| - Plaque Index - Assess extent of soft deposits (biofilm) - 4 surfaces examined (buccal, lingual, mesial, distal) - Procedure: plaque score - Scored 0-3 - Reversible | PLI (indices) |
| - extent of biofilm/debris - All teeth are disclosed - Scoring on 5 sections of 6 teeth (3, 8, 14, 19, 24, 30) - Modified version = Ramjford teeth - 1 point given to each surface covered (3 surfaces out of 5= 0.6) - Scored 0-5 - Reversible | PHP (patient hygiene performance) & PHP-M (modified) (indices) |
| - Monitors gingival health of patient - Checks interproximal areas - Wooden interdental cleaner is inserted between teeth on buccal side - Scored by dividing total # of spaces that bled by total # of spaces evaluated - Reversible | EIBI (Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index) (indices) |
| - fluorosis in selected age group - Included in NHANES - Scored on all surfaces of fully erupted permanent teeth except 3rd molars, teeth not fully erupted and teeth half covered by restorations, caries, or ortho - Scored 0-4 - Irreversible | Dean's Classification for Dental Fluorosis (indices) |
| - Used to measure caries on root surface of affected teeth - Only exposed root surfaces are scored (mesial, distal, buccal, lingual) - Irreversible | RCI (Root Caries Index) (indices) |
| Small, intentionally chosen sample, "trial run" | pilot study |
| types of analytical studies | cross-sectional, case-control, cohort |
| - Info about a carefully chosen population - One point in time - Survey, chart review - Response rates can cause bias - No intervention | Cross sectional studies (observational) |
| - Retrospective - looks back - "Case group" already have disease or outcome, "control group" is healthy - Relies on subjects' memory, may cause bias - Ex: people with/without lung cancer (smoker or nonsmoker) | Case control studies (observational) |
| - behavior, condition, environmental exposure, don't have disease already - Prospective - followed over time - Does variable cause or protect disease - can cause bias - Ex: group with/without risk factor of tobacco (do or don't get lung cancer) | Cohort studies (observational) |
| - Individual case - Focuses on specific findings and alters other clinicians to these findings - No control groups | Case reports (observational) |
| - 2 or more similar cases - May reveal information that will assist in diagnosis | Case series (observational) |
| average affected by extreme scores | mean |
| most | mode |
| arrange in ascending order not affected by extreme score most reliable | median |
| 4 scales of measurement | nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
| organized into categories and put into rank order based on criteria | ordinal |
| organized into categories; no order or numerical value; republicans/democrats, female/male | nominal |
| measurement like the ordinal scale but the units of measurement are equal; no zero point; Fahrenheit or degrees | interval |
| absolute zero; BP, height, weight, # of teeth, age | ratio |
| condition that is manipulated or controlled, experimental variable | independent variable |
| measure thought to change because of presence or absence or manipulation of the independent variable (depends) | dependent variable |
| uncontrolled variables not related to the purpose of the study but may influence the dependent variable and the outcomes of the study | extraneous variable |
| Types of Samples | random, stratified, systemic, purposive (judgmental), convenience |
| every possible subject is selected independently and has an equal chance of being chosen highest level of validity | random sample |
| represents subgroups proportionately in the sample when they are known to exist in a population | stratified sample |
| every nth subject | systematic sample |
| selected thru personal judgment of the researcher (biased) | purposive (judgmental) sample |
| selected based on being readily available (biased) | convenience sample |
| result of asking a question that can be researched - not proven by one single research study | hypothesis |
| stated in the negative form | null hypothesis |
| a number expressing all existing cases of a disease (old and new) in a population at a given point or period in time; always reported in percent (observational) | prevalence |
| cumulative effect of disease, past and present | experience |
| number of cases of new disease during a given interval in time, usually 1 year (observational) | incidence |
| - original research studies (new information) - research reports, SR with meta-analysis | primary |
| - reviews of already conducted individual research - textbooks, evidenced based, SR without meta-analysis | secondary |
| extent of disease injury or disability in population | morbidity |
| Studies the mean improvement of 2 groups | student t-test |
| Study the mean of improvement of 3 groups | ANOVA-Analysis |
| What are important factors considering the ethics of research? | nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice, veracity |
| do not harm | nonmaleficence |
| of beenfit of the patient | beneficence |
| respect for others and their decisions about their health | autonomy |
| providing patients what is owed, due, or deserved | justice |
| integrity, honest | veracity |
| disease spreads rapidly though population, significantly greater prevalence than normal | epidemic |
| continuing disease of normal prevalence, expected number of cases or population or geographic area | endemic |
| affecting a large proportion of the geographic population of a country, continent, people, or world | pandemic |
| null hypothesis is rejected but it is true | type I error |
| - Equal to or less than .05 - 5% chance the results are due to chance, 95% chance the results are due to the variable being researched | statistically significant |
| - Equal to or less than 0.1 - 1% chance the results are due to chance, 99% chance the results are due to the variable being researched | highly significant |
| mean to right | positive |
| mean to left | negative |
| Decay, Missing, Filled, Tooth | DMFT |
| Decay, Missing, Filled, Surfaces | DMFS |
| one variable increases and one decreases | negative |
| .7-1.0 | strong |
| .3-.6 | moderate |
| .1-.2 | weak |
| visible dental caries is present (can be recurrent) | D: Decay |
| tooth is lost from decay | M: Missing |
| fillings/restorations | F: Filled |
| counted as 1 | T: Tooth |
| posteriors (5), anterior (4) | S: Surface |
| sample group receives the experimental variable | experimental group |
| receives no treatment or placebo | control group |
| neither the subjects nor the researcher knows who is in the experimental or control group | double blind |
| compares what they know to what they have learned | pretest/posttest |
| one side receives experimental treatment, one side is control | split mouth |
| 2 or more independent variables in same study | factorial |
| participants are assigned to experimental and control and then switch to the other group | crossover |
| - Results may be statistically significant but not clinically significant - Ex: mouth rinse has proven to reduce plaque scores from 48% to 44% | clinical significance |
| Highest level of hierarchy of research | systematic review with meta-analysis; Cochrane reviews |
Created by:
giawallace0
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