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Ecology Midterm UVF
Ecology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Natural Capitalism? | recognizes the critical interdependency between the production and use of human-made capital and the maintenance and supply of natural capital |
| What is The Tragedy of the Commons? | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community |
| What is Brown Fields? | areas perceived to have environmental liabilities |
| What is Information Programs? | provide consumers with information about environmental consequences of purchasing decisions |
| What is Tradable Emissions Permits? | give companies the right to emit specified amounts of pollutants - Permits can be sold or banked for future use |
| What is Performance bonds? | fees collected to ensure proper care is taken to protect environmental resources |
| What is Life-cycle analysis? | identify changes in product design and process technology that would reduce the ultimate environmental impact of the product |
| What is Debt-for-nature exchanges? | innovative mechanism for addressing the debt issue while encouraging investment in conservation and sustainable development |
| What is an element? | Each kind of atom forms a specific type of matter |
| What are Ions? | electrically charged particles - Atoms that lose electrons = positively charged - Atoms that gain electrons = negatively charged |
| What are exothermic reactions? | chemical bonds in the new compounds contain less chemical energy than the previous compounds |
| What are endothermic reactions? | the newly formed chemical bonds contain more energy than the previous compounds |
| What is Activation energy? | the initial input of energy required to start a reaction |
| What is an enzymes? | reduce the activation energy needed to start reactions |
| What is Energy? | ability to perform work |
| What is Kinetic energy? | energy contained by moving objects |
| What is Potential energy? | energy due to relative position |
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? | When converting energy from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost - Entropy is the energy that cannot be used to do useful work |
| What is Range of tolerance? | indicates a range of conditions in which an organism can survive |
| What is the population in an ecosystem? | organisms of the same kind found within a specific geographic region |
| What is a species in an ecosystem? | population of all the organisms potentially capable of reproducing naturally among themselves and having offspring that also reproduce |
| What is Coevolution? | concept that two or more species can reciprocally influence the evolutionary direction of the other • Grazing animals and grass species |
| What is Competition? | kind of interaction in which two organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource • Intraspecific competition • Interspecific competition |
| What is Interspecific competition? | competition between members of different species |
| What are Ectoparasites? | live on the host's surface -Fleas, lice, molds, mildews |
| What are Endoparasites? | live inside the body of the host -Tapeworms, malaria parasites, bacteria, fungi |
| What are primary consumers (herbivores)? | consume producers |
| What is biomass? | weight of living material |
| What are Nitrifying bacteria? | convert ammonia to nitrite, which can be converted to nitrate |
| What is phosphorus cycle? | The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks. |
| What is Secondary succession? | begins with the disturbance of an existing ecosystem • It is much more commonly observed, and generally proceeds more rapidly than primary succession |
| What is Terrestrial primary succession? | 1. Pioneer Stage: Pioneer community of lichen form and start breaking down rocks into a thin layer of soil 2. Small annual plants form on the soil 3. Grasses/ Herbs 4, Shade intolerant trees 5. Shade tolerant trees |
| What is a successional (seral) stage? | each step in the process from pioneer community to climax community |
| What is a sere? | the sequence of stages or community types that occur during succession |
| What is a pelagic region? | open sea above the sea floor |
| What is a euphotic zone? | Upper layer of a body of water through which sunlight can penetrate and support photosynthesis. |
| What is Zooplankton? | microscopic protozoa and animals that feed on phytoplankton |
| What is an Estuaries? | shallow, partially enclosed areas where freshwater enters the ocean |
| What is a littoral zone? | lake is the region of a lake with rooted vegetation - Emergent plants - Submerged plants |
| What is a Oligotrophic lakes? | deep, cold, nutrient-poor |
| What is a Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)? | amount of oxygen used by decomposers to break down a specific amount of organic matter |
| What is a Population growth rate? | birthrate minus the death rate |
| What is Population density? | number of individuals per unit area • High population density injures all individuals within the population because they compete severely for necessary resources. |
| What is a Lag Phase? | first portion of the curve; slow population growth. |
| What is environmental resistance? | All of the different limiting factors that act on a population |
| What is Intrinsic limiting factors? | those factors that originate within the population and exercise control over it. • Behavioral changes amongst the population cause lower birthrates and higher death rates. |
| What is a Carrying capacity? | maximum sustainable population for an area. |
| What are K-strategists? | Organisms that typically reach a stable population as the population reaches the carrying capacity. • Usually occupy relatively stable environments • Large organisms • Long-lived • Produce few offspring • Provide substantial parental care |
| What is The Environmental Foot print Concept? | The environmental impact of highly developed regions is often felt in distant places where goods are produced. |
| What is replacement fertility? | total fertility rate of 2.1 |
| What is Gross national income (GNI)? | index of purchasing power measuring total goods and services generated by citizens of a country. -Gross national income purchasing power parity (GNIPPP) |
| What is Environmental Governance? | Rules and regulations that govern our impacts on the environment and natural resources. |
| What is Environmental Security? | having stable and reliable access to resources and the ability to be secure from natural and human disasters |
| What is a Development Approach? | reinforced by the capitalist work ethic; highly of human creativity and holds that continual economic growth is a moral ideal for society |
| What is Conservation Approach? | human well-being but considers a wider range of long-term human goods in its decisions about environmental management; |
| What is sustainable development? | incorporated conservation approach; middle ground that seeks to promote development while still preserving the ecological health of the landscape |
| What is the Triple Bottom Line? | the ethical criteria for business success; financial, social, and environmental concerns |
| What is Risk Assessment | provides an orderly, clearly stated, and consistent way to deal with scientific issues when evaluating whether a risk exists, the magnitude of the risk, and the consequences of the negative outcome of accepting the risk |
| What is Risk Management? | decision-making plan that weighs policy alternatives and selects the most appropriate regulatory action by integrating risk assessment results with engineering data, and with social, economic, and political concerns |
| What is Pollution Prevention Costs? | incurred to prevent pollution that would otherwise result from some production or consumption activity |
| What are the four steps in a cost-benefit analysis? | - Identification of the project. - Determination of all impacts. - Determination of the value of impacts. - Calculation of net benefit. |
| What is a Subsidy? | gift from the government to individuals or private enterprises to encourage actions considered important to the public interest |
| What is an Emission fees and taxes? | provide incentives for environmental improvement by making damaging activities and products more expensive |
| What is a Deposit-refund programs? | place a surcharge on the price of a product which is refunded upon return for reuse or recycling |
| What is an Extended product responsibility? | the concept that the producer of a product is responsible for all negative effects involved in its production, including the ultimate disposal of the product; manufacturers pay for post-consumer impacts, they will alter designs in order to reduce waste |
| What are Compounds? | formed when two or more atoms or ions bind to one another |
| What are Chemical bonds? | attractive forces between atoms resulting from the interaction of their electrons; When chemical bonds are formed or broken, a chemical reaction occurs |
| What is a catalyst? | substance that alters the rate of reaction, without being consumed or altered itself in the process; can reduce the activation energy |
| What is Respiration? | process that uses oxygen to break down large, organic molecules into smaller inorganic molecules (releases energy organisms can use) -C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| What is Intraspecific competition? | competition between members of same species |
| What are secondary consumers (carnivores)? | animals that eat other animals |
| What are trophic levels? | Each step in the flow of energy through an ecosystem |
| What is a biogeochemical cycles? | The movement of abiotic factors between the living and nonliving components within ecosystems; also known as nutrient cycles (i.e., water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle). |
| What is Nitrogen-fixing bacteria? | convert nitrogen gas N2 into ammonia -Plants construct organic molecules - Eaten by animals |
| What is Primary succession? | begins with a total lack of organisms and bare mineral surfaces or water |
| What is Phytoplankton? | microscopic plants floating in the ocean (perform photosynthesis) |
| What is Eutrophic lakes? | shallow, warm, nutrient-rich |
| What is Periphyton? | collection of algae, animals, and fungi attached to rocks and other objects on the bottom |
| What is Affluence? | People in highly developed countries consume huge amounts of resources. |
| What is Gross national income purchasing power parity (GNIPPP)? | used to account for varying prices of goods and services between countries. |
| What is Interrelatedness? | mutual or reciprocal relation or relatedness |
| What is External costs? | borne by someone other than the individuals using the resource; cleanup of hazardous waste sites |
| What is three economic transformations in the past century? | - Industrial Revolution - Technology Revolution - Modern Era of Globalization |
| What is Sustainable development? | development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
| What are Isotopes? | atoms of the same element that differ from one another in the number of neutrons they contain |
| What is a Molecules? | atoms bonded together into stable units |
| What is an acid? | any compound that releases hydrogen ions in a solution |
| What is a base? | any compound that accepts hydrogen ions in a solution |
| What is pH? | concentration of an acid or base solution is given by a number - 7 = neutral - 0-6 = acidic (fewer OH- than H+) - 8-14 = basic (more OH- than H+) |
| What is Photosynthesis? | process used by plants to convert inorganic material into organic material using light -6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What is Work? | done when an object is moved over a distance |
| What is a Sensible heat transfer? | occurs when heat energy flows from a warmer object to a cooler object - The temperature of cooler matter increases and the temperature of warmer matter decreases |
| What is Latent heat transfer? | occurs when heat energy is used to change the state of matter, but the temperature of matter does not change |
| What is Speciation? | production of new species from previously existing species • It is thought to occur as a result of a species dividing into two isolated subpopulations |
| What is competitive exclusion principle? | no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same place at the same time |
| What is Commensalism? | relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected |
| What is Denitrifying bacteria? | (under anaerobic conditions) to covert nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) which is ultimately released into the atmosphere |
| What is Succession? | series of regular, predictable changes in community structure over time |
| What is climax community? | relatively stable, long-lasting community that is the result of succession. The kind of climax community that develops is primarily determined by climate |
| What is Benthic organisms? | attached or non-attached, live on the ocean bottom |
| What? is abyssal ecosystem | benthic ecosystem that occurs at great depths in the ocean - There is no light to support photosynthesis. - Animals are scavengers; many are small and generate light for finding or attracting food. |
| What is Coral reef ecosystems? | composed primarily of coral animals that build cup-shaped external skeletons |
| What is limnetic zone? | region of lake with no rooted vegetation region of lake with no rooted vegetation |
| What are Marshes? | wetlands dominated by grasses and reeds |
| What is a survivorship curve? | the proportion of individuals likely to survive to each age Three types: • Species with high mortality in young. • Species with mortality equitable among age classes. • Species with mortality high only in old age. |
| What is Deceleration Phase? | population growth rate slows as the death rate and birthrate come to equal one another. |
| What is a Stable Equilibrium Phase? | death rate and birth rate become equal and the population stops growing. |
| What are r-strategists? | Typically, these are small organisms that have a short life, produce many offspring, exploit unstable environments, and do not reach a carrying capacity. |
| Which one of the following statements is contrary to basic scientific thought? | What one person perceives will often be difficult for others to perceive. |
| Which one of the following BEST distinguishes scientific areas of study from those that are not science? | Scientific areas of study test their hypotheses with experiments. |
| When using the scientific method, scientists make several fundamental assumptions. Which of these does NOT make sense, based on your knowledge of the scientific method? | An event that occurs repeatedly probably has different causes. |
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Lydia011
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