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Ecology

Envi Test 2

TermDefinition
Interspecific Competition interspecific, use similar resources, (-/-)
What is Herbivory and what are some adaptations to deal with this? consumption of plants by animals (+/-) adaptations - poisonous, unpalatable, thorns
What is Predation and what are some adaptations to deal with this? (+/-) animals eating animals adaptation - camouflage, eyes on side of head, warning colors, living in large groups, protective armor
Predator Defenses the characteristics that evolved in prey to avoid being detected, selected, and captured by prey Ex: chemical defenses, cryptic coloration, flashing coloration
Warning Coloration used by animals that are toxic or have chemical defenses
What is the Model in terms of Warning Coloration? the inedible species
What is the Mimic in terms of Warning Coloration? - the edible species that resembles the model
Examples of Batesian Mimicry - hoverfly resembles a wasp - scarlet king resembles a poisonous coral snake
Mullerian Mimicry unpalatable, venomous, or toxic species share a similar color pattern Ex: poison dart frogs
Parasitism species interaction where one species benefits from prolonged, close association with the host species, who is harmed (+/-)
What is a Parasite and what are Examples? obtains nourishment from a host Ex: mites, lice, roundworms, and ticks
Do Parasites always Kill the Host? no, however, they often reduce their nutrients which may lead to sickness and death
What are some Defense Mechanisms Hosts have Coevolved with Parasites? grooming, inflammation, scabs, cysts
Mutualism (+/+) Ex: bees and flowers
Commensalism one species benefits and the other is unaffected (+/0) Ex: epiphytes
Dispersal the movement of individuals in space
Emigration individuals moving away from a population
Immigration individuals moving into a population
What are the Key Factors for Population Growth? - number of births/deaths - rate of emigration/immigration
Exponential Population Growth the number of individuals added to the population is proportional to the size of the population at the start, not sustainable for most populations
Logistic Population Growth initial growth of a population, as the population reaches capacity, growth rate slows down
Carrying Capacity maximum number of individuals any habitat can support
What are Density Dependent Factors? Examples? factors that affect a population size depending on the population density Ex: competition for food, water, space, and diseases, predation
What are Density Independent Factors? Examples? factors that influence the density of a population without regard for the populations density Ex : spraying chemicals, change in temp or climate, habitat destruction
Survivorship Curve a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
Type One Curve mortality rates low till later in life Ex : humans and elephants
Type Two Curve constant proportion of individuals die throughout the life cycle (die young , mid-age, and old) Ex: birds
Type Three Curve juvenile mortality high, those that survive have a high survivorship Ex : wildflowers and fish
R-Strategist produce large numbers of offspring but provide few resources for their support, live in unpredictable environments Ex : fish
K-Strategist produce relatively few young but invest considerable resources for their support, resources are predictable Ex : humans and elephants
What is the Population Size of an R-Selected Area? environmental instability reduces population size before it approaches carrying capacity
What is the Population Size of a K Selected Area? population size near carrying capacity due to density dependent factors
Popular Ecology sets

 

 



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