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Marine Ecosystems
Envi Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How much of the Earth's surface is covered by water? | 71% |
| How much of Earths Water is Salt Water? | 96.5% |
| What are some Saltwater Ecosystems? | oceans, estuaries, coasts, coral reefs, mangrove forests |
| Coral Reef | - oldest, most diverse, and most productive ecosystem - form in clear, warm coastal water in tropical areas - tiny animals (polyps) and algae have mutualistic relationship - polyps secrete calcium carbonate shells for protection |
| Why should we care about Coral Reefs? | - natural barrier for coastlines - habitat, food, spawning grounds - hold marine biodiversity - tourism and fishing, $40 billion a year |
| Threats to Coral Reefs | soil runoff, climate change making water hotter, increasing ocean acidity, coral bleaching, algae dying off |
| Plankton | the base of the aquatic food chain, produce half the earths oxygen |
| Zooplankton | consumers, single celled protozoa to large invertebrates like jellyfish |
| Nekton | strong swimmers - fish, turtles, whales - heterotrophic |
| Benthos | bottom dwellers - oysters, sea stars, clams, lobsters, crabs |
| Decomposers | most bacteria |
| What Factors Determine Aquatic Biodiversity? | temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, availability of food, access to light and nutrients for photosynthesis |
| Why are Saltwater Ecosystems Important? | fishing, recreation, tourism, transportation, trade, oxygen, absorb CO2, weather and climate, biodiversity |
| Neritic Zone | - coastal waters - warm, nutrient rich, shallow water - photosynthesis - coral reefs - estuaries |
| What are the Four Levels of the Ocean Sea? | epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssapelagic |
| Epipelagic Zone | phytoplankton, low nutrients, high dissolved oxygen, brings nutrients from below |
| Mesopelagic Zone | light, oxygen, temp decreases, zooplankton and smaller fish |
| Bathypelagic Zone | dark, relies on nutrients from above zones |
| Abyssalpelagic Zone | dark and cold, high nutrient levels, low dissolved oxygen, deposit feeders, filter feeders, eat marine snow or dead decaying organisms |
| Estuary | an aquatic zone where river meets the sea |
| Coastal Wetlands | coastal lands covered with water for all or parts of the year, includes coastal marshes and mangrove forests |
| Seagrass Beds | occur in shallow coastal waters, hold up to 60 species of grass and marine life |
| What are some Ecosystem Services provided by Coastal Ecosystems? | provide food, habitats, nursery spots, reduce storm damage and erosion, filter water |
| Subtitdal | permanently flooded |
| Intertidal | periodically flooded and exposed |
| Saline | higher concentration of salt (3-5%) |
| Brackish | lower concentration of salt (.5-3) |
| Benefits of Intertidal Zones | ability to burrow, protective shell, ability to attach to surfaces |
| Human Impacts on Marine Environments | coastal developments, rising sea levels due to melting glaciers, overfishing, destruction of habitats, runoff, pollution |
| Iotic | flowing water, rivers and streams |
| Lentic | non flowing water, ponds, lakes, inland wetlands |
| Lake | standing freshwater formed from rain, runoff, streams, rivers, and groundwater seepage that fill depressions |
| Lake Layers | limnetic zone, littoral zone, profundal zone, benthic zone |
| Limnetic Zone | - main photosynthetic zone - away from shore - extends to the depths light can penetrate - lots of plankton and phytoplankton |
| Littoral Zone | - shallow sunlit waters - growth of rooted plants - high biodiversity (turtles, frogs, crayfish) |
| Profundal Zone | - too dark for photosynthesis - low oxygen levles |
| Benthic Zone | - decomposers - detritus feeders - bottom feeding fish (catfish) |
| Oligotrophic Lake | small amount of plant nutrients, often deep with steep banks, low NPP, small populations of fish |
| Eutrophic Lake | large supply of nutrients, typically shallow and have murky brown or green water, high NPP |
| Source Zone | headwater streams are shallow, cold, clear, and swiftly moving, dissolve lots of oxygen, lack nutrients and primary producers, organic matter comes from leaves branches and insects |
| Transition Zone | wider, deeper, and warmer streams that flow down gentler slopes, usually more turbid and slower with less oxyegn |
| Floodplain Zones | streams join into wider, deeper rivers that flow across broad flat valleys, higher temp and less oxygen, more algae and rooted plants, lots of silt and muddy waters |
| Delta | an area at the mouth of a river built up by deposited sediment, usually containing coastal wetlands and estuaries |
| Inland Wetlands | marshes - florida everglades the composition of the soil and plants will determine if its a wetland |
| How are Humans Degrading Freshwater Systems? | - dams and canals - cities and farm add pollutants and excess plant nutrients - inland wetlands are drained to grow crops |
| Why are Deltas Sinking? | dams and other structures reduce the flow of silt and funnel it through wetlands, causes rising sea level and these areas then sink |
Created by:
victoriabrotschol
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