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Plant/Animal Systems
4/4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of the digestive system? | takes in food, digests it, excretes // the body needs chemical energy + nutrients, digestive + circulatory does this |
| Earthworm DS | - food enters mouth, sucked into muscular pharynx --> esophagus --> stored in crop - gizzard grinds food into nutrients --> nutrients absorbed along intestine --> excreted through anus |
| Organs in Digestive System (Human) | - mouth - esophagus - stomach - small, large intestine - anus |
| Accessory Organs (DS) | - pancreas - liver - gallbladder |
| Additional Cell Growth (DS) | - digestive tract is lined with epithelial cells - cells secrete mucous protecting from HCl acid - enxymes, lubricate esophagus for food to pass through easily - esophagus also has muscle, nervous tissue |
| Mouth | - starts breakdown - teeth, tongue aid with mechanical digestion - increased surface area for digestion by acids, enzymes - saliva from epithelial cells (water, enzymes) - saliva softens food, breaks down starch into sugar - wad of food = bolus |
| Esophagus | - connects mouth with stomach - lined with muscle tissue (contracts and relaxes to move food) - controlled by nerve tissue |
| Stomach | - temporary storage - churns food - epithelial cells secrete mucus (protection), acid and enzymes (chemical digestion) - muscle tissue contracts to churn food, nerves line stomach |
| Small Intestine | - 6m, narrow - where chemical digestion (enzymes) occurs, most - goblet cells releases mucous, nutrients absorbed through lining --> bloodstream --> body cells |
| Large Tissue | - 1.5m, larger - reabsorbs water from indigestible food - solid excreted as feces |
| Epithelial Tissue | - inflamed through colitis - viruses, bacteria, narrow blood vessels, immyne system failure |
| Accessory Organs | - secrete fluids w/ enzymes - produces bile stored in gallbladder - secreted into small intestine - pancreas produces insulin, regulates blood-glucose levels |
| What is the purpose of the circulatory system? | - transports nutrients absorbed from small intestine to body - blood picks up oxygen from lungs --> body cells - blood picks up C02 waste --> lungs (exhalation) - certain wastes to kidney for filtration, urine prod. - transports hormones - temp con |
| Organs | transport fluid (blood), pump (heart), delivery systems (blood vessels) |
| Blood | - connective tissue |
| Red Blood Cells | transport oxygen to body cells, red protein pigment (hemglobin) that binds oxygen, <50% of blood volume |
| White Blood Cells | infection-fighter, only blood cell with nucleus, recognize + destroy invading bacteria, <1% of blood volume |
| Platelets | clotting, <1% of blood volume |
| Plasma | - yellow-ish fluid that carries blood cells - >50% of volume |
| Heart Tissue | three tissue types: -muscle - nerve - connective |
| Heart | - cardiac muscle tissue contracts involuntarily, pump - rate of contraction regulated by nerves - rate is affected by physical activity, body temperature, general health - divided into two halves, each with two chambers: atrium, ventricle |
| Heart (cont.) | - one side receives deoxygeneated blood, pumps to lungs --> rid of CO2 - other receives oxygenated blood from lungs --> pumps throughout body |
| Blood Vessel Types | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| Arteries | carry blood away from heart, artery walls are harder --< higher pressure |
| Veins | carry blood to heart, lower pressure |
| Capillaries | link small arteries w/ veins, tiny vessels suited for exchange of materials between blood and other fluids, oxygen + nutrients diffuse from capillaries --> body tissues, carbon dioxide diffuse from body tissues --> capillaries (disposal), in all body part |
| What is the purpose of the respiratory system? | - provides oxygen - removes CO2 - works in close collaboration w/ circulatory system |
| Process | air enters through mouth and nose --> through pharynx, trachea --> divides into bronchi --> end in air sacs called alveoli - trachea supported by rings of cartilage - where gas exchange occurs |
| Epithelial Cells | - secrete mucous - traps dust, pollen - cilia sweep out mucous |
| Gas Exchange | - occurs between alveoli, nerves - gases occur between two twin walls - oxygen always lower in blood than in air/atmosphere, diffuses inward to ccells - carbon dioxide concentration higher in blood than atmosphere, diffuses outward |
| Breathing | - inhalation, exhalation |
| Inhalation | - diaphragm moves backwards - increases volume around lungs, negative pressure in lungs - air sucked inward to balance pressure |
| Exhalation | - diaphragm moves forward - decreases volume around lungs, positive pressure on lungs - air forced out of lungs |
| Control of Breathing | - part of brain monitors pH, changes with CO2 levels - when pH is low, message signals diaphragm to ccontract (breathe) - also increases oxygen levels |
| Fish RS | - opens and closes mouth to keep water over gills - gills are gas exchange site - have many capillaries - fish must keep moving to maintain flow of oxygenated water - water low in oxygen, high in CO2 exits when opercula (flaps over gills) open |
| What is the purpose of the musculoskeletal system? | - made up of bones - muscles make them move - provide structure, support, protection, movement |
| Tissue in SS | - bones (cells, minerals) - ligaments (tough, collagen fibre, elastic connective tissue) - cartilage (strong, flexible, low friction support) |
| Bone Growth | babies grow w/ cartilage --> bone replaces cartilage --> fuse together to perform larger bones --> ends at 18-20 y/o |
| Bone Shapes | - long bones (long > wide) - short bones (short, cube-shaped) (ex. wrist) - flat bones (protect organs) - irregular bones (vertebrate, etc.) |
| Bones for Movement | - Joint: shock absorber, stops bones from rubbing together - Synorial Fluid: lubricant - Ligament: holds bones together - Muscles: makes bones move Tendon: connects bone to muscle - Cartilage: keeps bones apart, prevents rubbing together |
| Joints | - Immovable: fixed joints, ex. skull - Slight movable: ex. between vertebrate - Lightly movable: wide movement, muleiple directions, ex. wrist/ankle |
| Muscles | - bundles of long cells called muscle fibres - containe proteins - cardiac, smooth, skeletal |
| How we move | muscles originate on fixed bone --> cross over joint --> insert onto moving bone --> tendons attach muscle to bone --> muscle contracts + pulls on bone - individual muscles can only pull in one direction, work in opposing directions |
| Arm Movement | biceps contract, triceps relax --> arm flexes triceps in arm contract --> bieps relax (arm straightens) - muscles needed because active function is to shorten - pull opposing muscle --> lengthening |
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