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quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| coevolution | the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution |
| evolution | the process by which all of the living organisms on earth changes over time from their early ancestor species |
| ecology | the study of the relationship between organisms and the living and nonliving parts of the environment |
| organism | an individual life form |
| species | group of organisms |
| population | includes all members of a species that live in the same area at the same time evolution occurs within the population |
| biological community | made of all the populations living and interacting in one area |
| ecosystem | includes the biological community and surrounding physical environment |
| biosphere | includes all parts of the earth- surface, atmosphere, and oceans, occupied by life |
| habitat | describes the physical space and environment that an organism can survive in |
| abiotic factors | non-living factors such as soil composition, climate, surrounding landforms |
| biotic factors | other species, including predators and competitors |
| tolerance range | graphs define the specific abiotic factors that are survivable for a species |
| optimal range | the idea amount of that factor for the population to survive |
| zones of physiological stress | are found when the factor is too high or low, killing off the weaker members of the population |
| zones of intolerance | are not survivable in the long-term, causing the population to eventually die out |
| adaptations | characteristics that make an organism better suited to its habitat |
| structural | physical differences in coloration, body covering, shape, musculature, act |
| behavioral | actions taken, such as migration or marking a territory |
| physiologic | internal body process, such are tanning, or the products of poison |
| genes | small segments of DNA within cells |
| generic diversity | primarily the result of random mutation in DNA |
| evolution | change in the frequency of genes of a population over time |
| genetic drift | change in a gene's frequency over time due to random chance |
| bottleneck effect | result of sudden decrease in population size, which reduces the gene pool and encourages inbreeding |
| founder effect | occurs when a few individuals from a large population migrate to an isolated area |
| natural selection | occurs when a gene becomes more frequent because it increases survivability and/ or reproductive rates |
| *physiological stress | too much or too little of environmental factor |
| *predation | organisms hunting and killing other species for food |
| *competition | organisms attempting to access the same resources or mates |
| *sexual selection | females choose mates based on structural or behavioral differences |
| artificial selection | the evolution of species due to traits favored by humans |
| divergent evolution | groups of single species become, separated, evolve, and become new species (example humans) |
| convergent evolution | unrelated organisms evolve similar adaptations because they occupy similar niches |
| coevolution evolution | two species evolve together due to a close relationship |
| homologous structures | evolved from a common ancestor and are very similar |
| analogous structures reciprocal structures | t=perform a shared task but are structurally different that enable more interaction |
| niche | the role of an organism within its ecosystem - relationship with other species |
| predator-prey | relationship where one organism consumes another whole |
| *competitive exclusion principle | two species cannot occupy the same niche |
| *interspecific | competition between different species |
| *intraspecific | competition between members of the same species |
| resource partitioning | assist niche overlap by dividing up a resource, reducing competition |
| symbiosis | relationship that involve a lot of close contact between species |
| mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit |
| commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while the other is unaffected |
| parasitism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefit while the other is harmed |
| survivorship curves | prediction how likely individual within a population will survive to a certain age |
| Type I survivorship curves | morality is initially low due to high parental care > morality rapidly increases in old age |
| Type II survivorship curves | morality is constant due to predation or other factors |
| Type III survivorship curves | morality is initially high due to predation exposure > mortality rapidly decreases for individuals that survive to adulthood |
| population growth patterns | how populations grow, decline, or stabilize in response to their environment |
| logistic growth | begins with a rapid growth rate over time, the rate slows down due to various environmental resistance factors |
| environmental resistance factors | things that limit the growth of a population |
| density dependent | increase as population size grows tend to be biotic competition for food, spread of disease, waste accumulation |
| density independent | impact all population sizes equally tend to be abiotic climate, availability of space, catastrophic events |
| carrying capacity | the maximum population size that can be supported by an ecosystem logistic growth stops at this point |
| exponential growth | has no growth limiting factors |
| overshoot | occurs when the carrying capacity is exceeded |
| dieback | dieback is a sudden population crash due to a lack of resources |
| reproductive strategies | frequency of mating, number of offspring, degree of parental care, time to reach maturity |
| R-selected | many offspring little parental care rapid maturity type III survivorship |
| K-selected | few offspring high parental care slow maturity type I survivorship |
Created by:
quinnbrown
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