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1610 Biology Ch. 1
Full Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are three basic themes of biology? | Evolution, Information transfer, and Energy for Life |
| Although they vary greatly in size and appearance, all organisms consist of basic units called _________. | cells |
| _____ ________ is a fundamental unifying concept of biology. | Cell theory |
| A ________ organism consists of a single cell. | unicellular |
| Protozoa are _________ organisms. | unicellular |
| In __________ organisms, life processes depend on the coordinated functions of component cells that may be organized to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. | multicellular |
| Every cell is enveloped by a protective _________ _________ that separates it from the surrounding external environment. | plasma membrane |
| The ___________ ____________ regulates passage of materials between cell and environment. | plasma membrane |
| Cells have specialized molecules that contain genetic instructions and transmit genetic information. In most cells the genetic instructions are encoded in ________. | DNA; deoxyribonucleic acid |
| Cells typically have internal structures called __________ that are specialized to perform specific functions. | organelles |
| Name the two fundamentally different types of cells. | prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| _____________ cells are exclusive to bacteria and to microscopic organisms called archaea. | Prokaryotic |
| Prokaryotic cells are exclusive to bacteria and to microscopic organisms called _________. | archaea |
| ___________ cells typically contain a variety of organelles enclosed by membranes, including a nucleus, which house DNA. | Eukaryotic |
| ___________ cells are structurally simpler; they do not have a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. | prokaryotic |
| __________ __________ involves an increase in the size of individual cells of an organism, in the number of cells, or in both. | Biological growth |
| ____________ includes all the changes that take place during an organism's life. | Development |
| The sum of all chemical activities of an organism is its ___________. | metabolism |
| Metabolic processes occur continuously in every organism, and they must be carefully regulated to maintain ___________, an appropriate, balanced internal environment. | homeostasis |
| _____________ ___________ are self-regulating control systems that are remarkably sensitive and efficient. | homeostatic mechanisms |
| Cells require a constant supply of _________, which they break down to obtain energy. | glucose |
| When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises above normal limits, glucose is stored in the _________ and in _________ cells. | liver; muscle |
| All forms of life respond to __________, physical or chemical changes in their internal or external environment. | stimuli |
| In some organisms, locomotion is achieved by the slow oozing of the cell, the process of _________ movement. | amoeboid |
| Beating, tiny hair-like extensions of a cell are called ________. | cilia |
| ____________ means that an organism does not move from place to place, but remain firmly attached to a surface. | sessile |
| Simple organisms, such as amoebas, perpetuate themselves by _______ reproduction. | asexual |
| The only way that variation occurs among asexually reproducing organisms is by _________ ____________, a permanent change in the genes. | genetic mutation |
| In most plants and animals, __________ ______________ is carried out by the fusion of an egg and a sperm cell to form a fertilized egg. | sexual reproduction |
| ___________ are inherited characteristics that enhance an organism's ability to survive in a particular environment. | Adaptations |
| Learning about a structure by studying its parts is called _______________. | reductionism |
| ___________ properties are characteristics not found at lower levels of biological organization. | Emergent |
| An ________ is the smallest unit of a chemical element that retains the characteristic properties of that element. | atom |
| Atoms combine chemically to form __________. | molecules |
| A ________ is the basic structural and functional unit of life. | cell |
| A ________ is the simplest component of living matter that can carry on all the activities necessary for life. | cell |
| Tissues organize into functional structures called _________. | organs |
| In animals, each major group of biological functions is performed by a coordinated group of tissues and organs called an __________ _________. | organ system |
| All the members of one species living in the same geographic area at the same time make up a _____________. | population |
| The populations of various types of organisms that inhabit a particular area and interact with one another form a ____________. | community |
| A community together with its nonliving environment is an _______________. | ecosystem |
| All of the Earth's ecosystems together are known as the _______________. | biosphere |
| The study of how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment is called ______________. | ecology |
| A ___________ consist of organisms of the same species. | population |
| The populations of different species that populate the same are make up a __________. | community |
| A community together with the nonliving environment forms an _____________. | ecosystem |
| Earth and all of its communities constitute the ___________. | biosphere |
| ____________ are large molecules such as proteins and DNA. | macromolecules |
| ____ is the large molecule that makes up genes. | DNA |
| __________ are units of hereditary material. | Genes |
| DNA molecule consist of two chains of atoms twisted into a __________. | helix |
| Each chain in DNA is made up of a sequence of chemical subunits called __________. | nucleotides |
| ________ control the development and functioning of every organism. | Genes |
| ___________ are large molecules important in determining the structure and function of cells and tissues. | Proteins |
| In a multicellular organism, cells produce chemical compounds, such as ____________, that signal other cells. | hormones |
| Most animals have nervous systems that transmit information by way of both electrical impulses and chemical compounds known as _______________. | neurotransmitters |
| The ________ _ __________ explains how populations of organisms have changed over time. | theory of evolution |
| ____________ is the process by which populations of organisms change over time. | evolution |
| ___________ involves passing genes for new traits from one generation to another, leading to differences in populations. | evolution |
| Biologist use _________ system for naming organisms. | binomial |
| ____________ is the field of biology that studies the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships. | Systematics |
| ___________ is the science of naming and classifying organisms. | taxonomy |
| The most narrow category of classifications is the _________. | species |
| __________ is a group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior. | species |
| A species consist of one or more ____________ whose members are capable of breeding with one another; in nature, they do no breed with members of other species. | populations |
| Members of a population have a common ______ ______ and share a common ancestry. | gene pool |
| Closely related species are grouped in the next broader category of classification, which is the _________. | genus |
| The Linnaean system of naming species is known as the ________ _________ _ _______ because each species is assigned a two-part name. | binomial system of nomenclature |
| The first part of the name in the binomial system of nomenclature is the _________. | genus |
| The second part of the name in the binomial system of nomenclature us the ________ __________, which designates a particular species belonging genus. | species epithet |
| Related genera can be grouped into a ___________. | family |
| Families are grouped into ________. | orders |
| Orders are grouped into ___________. | classes |
| Classes are grouped into ____________. | Phyla |
| Phyla are grouped into _________. | kingdoms |
| Kingdoms are assigned to ___________. | domains |
| A formal grouping at any given level is a _________. | taxon |
| Vertebrates belongs to the phylum __________. | Chordata |
| _________ are recognized as unicellular prokaryotic cells. | Bacteria |
| ______ is a molecule that functions in the process of manufacturing proteins in all organisms. | RNA (rRNA) |
| Name the two distinct groups of prokaryotes. | Bacteria and Archaea |
| _________ are organisms with eukaryotic cells. | Eukaryotes |
| Eukaryotes are classified in the domain _________. | Eukarya |
| Name the 4 kingdoms assigned to the domain Eukarya. | Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
| Kingdom _________ consist of protozoa, algae, water molds, and slime molds. | Protista |
| ___________ is the process which light energy is converted to the chemical energy of food molecules. | Photosynthesis |
| Members of the kingdom ________ are complex multicellular organisms adapted to carry out photosynthesis. | Plantae |
| A _________ ,a plant characteristic, is a waxy covering over aerial parts that reduces water loss. | cuticle |
| A _________,a plant characteristic,is tiny openings in stems and leaves for gas exchange. | stomata |
| Kingdom _______ is composed of the yeasts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. | Fungi |
| ______ obtain their nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into food and then absorbing the predigested food. | Fungi |
| Kindgom _________ is made up of multicellular organisms that eat other organisms for nutrition. | Animalia |
| ________ is responsible for the great diversity of organisms on our planet. | Evolution |
| __________ involves changes in populations. | Adaptation |
| _________ are chemical or physical changes in DNA that persist and can be inherited. | Mutations |
| All the genes present in a population make up its ________ _______. | gene pool |
| __________ favors individuals with genes specifying traits that allow them to respond effectively to pressures exerted by the environment. | Selection or Natural Selection |
| Certain nutrients are used as fuel for __________ __________, a process that releases some of the energy stored in the nutrient molecules. | cellular respiration |
| _________ are plants, algae, and certain bacteria that produce their own food from simple raw materials. | Producers, or autotrophs |
| _____________ is the process in which producers synthesize complex molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | Photosynthesis |
| In photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into ________ energy. | chemical |
| ___________ is produced as a by-product of photosynthesis. | Oxygen |
| Animals are ________ - that is, organisms that depend on producers for food, energy, and oxygen. | consumers or heterotrophs |
| ________ obtain energy by breaking down sugars and other food molecules originally produced during photosynthesis. | Consumers |
| Most bacteria and fungi are _________. | decomposers |
| __________ are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by breaking down nonliving organic material. | Decomposers |
| The _________ _________ involves a series of ordered steps; which include making a careful observations, asking critical questions, and developing a hypothesis. | scientific method |
| _____ is information gathered that can by analyzed. | Data |
| What are the two types of systematic thought processes that scientist use? | deduction and induction |
| With __________ reasoning, we begin with supplied information and draw conclusions on the basis of that informations. | deductive |
| ___________ proceeds from general principles to specific conclusions. | Deduction |
| A ________ is information, or knowledge, based on evidence. | fact |
| With __________ reasoning, we begin with specific observations and draw conclusions or discover a general principle. | inductive |
| A _____________ is a tentative explanation for observations or phenomena. | hypothesis |
| What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? | 1) It is reasonably consistent with well established facts. 2) It is capable of being tested 3) It is falsifiable. |
| An ___________ hypothesis cannot be proven false and therefore cannot be scientifically investigated. | unfalsifiable |
| A _________ is a deductive, logical consequence of a hypothesis. | prediction |
| Behavior that is learned from others in a population and passed to future generations is what we call __________. | culture |
| A ________ is an integrated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on a number of hypotheses, each supported by consistent results from many observations or experiments. | theory |
| A _________ is a set of assumptions or concepts that constitute a way of thinking about reality. | paradigm |
| _______ _________ is a field of biology that builds on information provided by the reductionist approach, adding large data sets generated by computers. | Systems biology |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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