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Biology Unit 1 AOS1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What must all living things possess? | Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Equilibrium Excretion Nutrition |
| What does cell theory state? | 1. All living things are made up of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest and most basic units of life. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells. |
| What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria, archaea) - No membrane bound nucleus or organelles - Single circular DNA (with additional plasmids) - Usually unicellular - Plasma membrane surrounded by outer cell wall - Smaller size (-0.1 - 5μm) and less complex |
| What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria, archaea) - Replicate through binary fission Eukaryotes (e.g. protists, fungi, plants, animals) - Membrane bound nucleus and organelles - Linear DNA - Usually multicellular - Larger size (-10 - 100μm) |
| What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | Eukaryotes (e.g. protists, fungi, plants, animals) - Replicate through mitosis and meiosis |
| What are the differences and similarities between plant and animal cells? | - Plant cells have a cell wall (cellulose), animal cells don't. - Most plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don't. - Animal cells have a centrosome, plant cells don't. |
| What are the differences and similarities between plant and animal cells? | - Animal cells can have many small vacuoles or none, and plant cells tend to have one large vacuole. |
| Nucleus | Structure: Distinctly spherical, surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope). Function: To protect and store DNA (which is used for the synthesis of proteins). Directs and controls cellular processes. |
| Ribosomes | Structure: Tiny structures made of rRNA and proteins that fold into a large and small subunit. Not membrane bound. Function: Site of protein synthesis (amino acids are assembled to make polypeptides). |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Structure: A membraneous chain of cisternae with ribosomes attached to the membrane. Connected to the Smooth E.R. Function: Synthesises, modifies and packages proteins. Transports proteins within the cell. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Structure: A membraneous chain of cisternae with no ribosomes attached to the membrane. Function: Synthesis of lipids. Carbohydrate metabolism. Transport of these materials through the cell. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Structure: Stacked cisternae that aren't connected to each other. Function: Sorts, packages and modifies proteins for use in the cell or export from the cell. |
| Lysosomes | Structure: Single membrane bound vesicle that contains enzymes. Function: Responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins from within or outside the cell, acting like a garbage disposal. |
| Mitochondria (structure) | Structure: An organelle with a highly folded inner membrane (that forms partitions called cristae) surrounded by a second outer membrane. The space inside the inner membrane is called the matrix. They contain their own DNA (mDNA) and ribosomes. |
| Mitochondria (function) | Function: Site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces the ATP (energy) required to power cellular processes. |
| Chloroplasts (structure 1) | Structure: A double membrane bound organelle that contains disc-shape membraneous sacs called thylakoids. Several of these stacked together form grana. Chlorophyll is located in the grana. Stroma is the semi-fluid substance between the grana. |
| Chloroplasts (structure 2) | Structure: They contain their own DNA and ribosomes. |
| Chloroplasts (function) | Function: Site of photosynthesis. |
| Vacuoles | Structure: A membrane bound fluid-filled sac found in most cells. Function: Provide structural support for the cell and storage (plant cell). Store enzymes for intracellular digestion (animal cell). |
| Cell Wall | Structure: A sturdy border made up of cellulose (plant cells). Function: Protects the cell, maintains cell shape and prevents excessive water uptake in plant cells. Provides strength and structure to bacterial and fungal cells. |
| What is the structure of the plasma membrane? | Structure: A phospholipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids. A phospholipid is made up of a phosphate head (polar and hydrophilic) and two fatty acid tails (non-polar and hydrophobic). Amphipathic) embedded with proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol. |
| What is the function of the plasma membrane? | Function: Controls the transport of substances in and out of the cell as well as cell recognition and communication with other cells. |
| What specific molecules can move between phospholipid molecules as they diffuse through a membrane? | - Most hydrophobic molecules - Small molecules - Non-polar molecules - Extremely small polar molecules (e.g. water, urea) |
| Why is the plasma membrane referred to as the fluid mosaic model? | 1) Molecules that make up the membrane are not held in one static place and are able to move around freely. 2) Many different types of molecules are embedded in the membrane. |
| Osmosis | The net movement of water down its concentration gradient. Form of passive transport. |
| Diffusion | The net movement of a substance down their concentration gradient. Form of passive transport. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The passive movement of molecules (too large/too charged) down their concentration gradient through a membrane bound protein (protein channel or carrier protein). |
| Active Transport | The net movement of dissolved substances across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient with the assistance of energy (usually ATP) and membrane bound proteins (protein pumps or carrier proteins). |
| Active Transport (process) | Process: binding - conformational change - release |
| Passive Transport | The net movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient without the use of energy. There are three main types. |
| Hypertonic Solution | Has high solute concentrations. Water moves into this solution and out of cell. Cell becomes plasmolysed (cell shrinks). |
| Isotonic Solution | Has equal solute concentrations. No net movement of water but there is still movement of water into and out of cell. Cell is normal (cell stays the same). |
| Hypotonic Solution | Has low solute concentrations. Water moves from this solution and into the cell. Cell becomes turgid (cell swells up). |
| Endocytosis | The transport of large molecules or groups of molecules into the cell. There are three steps in endocytosis: fold - trap - bud. |
| Phagocytosis | Endocytosis of solid materials or food particles. |
| Pinocytosis | Endocytosis of liquids or dissolved substances (e.g. lipids). |
| Exocytosis | The process by which the contents of a vesicle are released from a cell. There are three steps in exocytosis: vesicular transport - fusion - release. |
| What is the function of ATP? Where is it produced in a cell? | ATP is required to power cellular processes and is produced through aerobic cellular respiration in the mitochondria. |
| What is a catabolic reaction? What is an anabolic reaction? | Catabolic reactions involve the break down of large molecules into smaller, simpler ones, accompanied by the release of energy. - = + Anabolic reactions use energy to build complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones. + = - |
| What is a specialised cell? | Cells which serve a unique, particular function. |
| What is differentiation? | The process where a stem cell (a cell that is yet to be specialised) develops into a specialised cell by regulation of the expression of its genes. |
| Totipotent | A cell with the potential to differentiate into either an embryonic stem cell or an extraembryonic cell (such as placenta). |
| Pluripotent | A cell with the potential to differentiate into an embryonic stem cell of one of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm). |
| Multipotent | A cell with the potential to differentiate into many different related cell types. |
| Oligopotent | A cell with the potential to differentiate into a few closely related cell types. |
| Multicellular organisms (levels of organisation) | Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. |
| Multicellular organisms (characteristics) | - Made up of more than one cell and are complex - Are eukaryotes - Most are visible to the naked eye |
| What is a polypeptide? Where is it synthesised? | A polypeptide is a short chain of amino acids that form a protein. Polypeptides are synthesised in ribosomes. |
| Where are proteins produced? Where are proteins modified? | Proteins are produced in ribosomes and modified in the golgi apparatus. |
| What is cell size limited by? | SA:V |
| Why do cells continually divide and not just get bigger? | By having many small cells, as opposed to one big cell, it is more efficient to transport nutrients and remove wastes. |
| What is ATP broken down into? What is released? Is this a catabolic or anabolic reaction? | ATP is broken down into ADP + P and energy is released. It is a catabolic reaction. |
| Are chloroplasts found in all plant cells? | No. |
| Apoptosis | The natural and controlled death of cells. When a cell begins to malfunction, is damaged, or becomes unnecessary, it will receive signals that will initiate apoptosis. |
| Necrosis | Accidental cell death caused by trauma, physical damage, or lack of oxygen. |
| Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway | A pathway of apoptosis that is initiated by the detection of internal cellular damage. Mitochondria will detect this damage and release cytochrome c into the cytosol. Cytochrome c binds with cytosolic proteins to form an apoptosome. |
| Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway | This activates caspase enzymes and initiates apoptosis. |
| Death ligand (extrinsic) pathway | A pathway of apoptosis that is initiated by the reception of extracellular death signalling molecules. Death signalling molecules can be recognised by death receptor proteins on the surface of cells. |
| Death ligand (extrinsic) pathway | These molecules bind to a death receptor surface protein, activating caspase enzymes and initiating apoptosis. |
| What are the stages of apoptosis? | 1) Activation of caspase enzymes. 2) Digestion of cell contents. 3) Cell shrinks 4) Membrane blebbing and breakage |
| What are somatic cells? | Body cells. |
| What cells undergo mitosis? | Eukaryotic cells and somatic cells. |
| List the stages of mitosis and what occurs at each stage (1). | Prophase: Chromosomes condense, spindle fibres begin to form, nuclear membrane breaks down. Metaphase: Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each chromosome. Chromosomes line up in the equator (middle) of the cell. |
| List the stages of mitosis and what occurs at each stage (2). | Anaphase: Sister chromatids migrate towards opposite ends of the cell. Telophase: New nuclear membranes form, producing two genetically identical nuclei. Spindle fibres disintegrate and chromosomes decondense. |
| Why do cancer cells proliferate in an organism? | A change occurs in the FasR receptor protein which means FasL won't bind to it. FasL stops working so the cells continue to divide (mutate). |
| Coccus | Sphere |
| Bacillus | Rod |
| Vibrio | Comma |
| Spirocheate | Corkscrew |
| Diplo | Double |
| Strepto | Twisted |
| Staphylo | Bunch (of grapes) |
Created by:
bridie.zampese
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