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Chapter 13 Genetics
Noah's Honors Biology Flashcards on Chapter 13 Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amniocentesis | a procedure for sampling the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus |
| Biotechnology | any industrial or commercial use or alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to achieve practical specific goals |
| Chorionic villus sampling | a procedure for sampling cells from the chorionic villi produced by a fetus |
| DNA profile | the pattern of short tandem repeats of specific DNA segments; using 13 short tandem repeats, the DNA profile of one person is different from that of any other person on Earth |
| Gel electrophoresis | a technique in which molecules are placed on restricted tracks in a thin sheet of gelatinous material and exposed to an electric field; the molecules then migrate at a rate determined by certain characteristics, such as size |
| Genetic engineering | the modification of genetic material to achieve specific goals |
| Genetically modified organism | an organism that has been produced through the techniques of genetic engineering |
| Plasmid | a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria; normally does not carry genes required for the normal functioning of the bacterium but may carry genes that assist bacterial survival in certain environments |
| Polymerase chain reaction | a method of producing virtually unlimited numbers of copies of a specific piece of DNA, starting with as little as one copy of the desired DNA |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA that has been altered by the recombination of genes from a different organism, typically from a different species |
| Restriction enzyme | an enzyme, normally isolated from bacteria, that cuts double-stranded DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence; the nucleotide sequence that is cut differs for different restriction enzymes |
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism | a difference in length of restriction fragments, produced by cutting samples of DNA from different individuals of the same species with the same set of restriction enzymes |
| Stem cell | an undifferentiated cell that is capable of dividing and giving rise to one or more distinct types of differentiated cell(s) |
| Transformation | a method of acquiring new genes, whereby DNA from one bacterium (normally released after the death of the bacterium) becomes incorporated into the DNA of another living bacterium |
| Transgenic | referring to an animal or a plant that expresses DNA derived from another species |
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