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Biology Chapter 5
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Why do cells divide? | All living things are made of cells. These cells must divide in order to reproduce, grow, and repair themselves. |
| Eukaryotic cells | Cells with a nucleus All eukaryotic cells are about the same, regardless of the type of organisms. |
| Differentiation | The change that takes place in a cell as it develops to form specialized functions |
| How big can a cell get? Can they grow without a limit? | Lots of small cells have much more surface area with less volume, making it better to transport nutrients across the membrane Therefore large cells are not as practical as smaller cells, so cells do not get very big |
| Cell division | The splitting of 1 cell into 2 cells Happens when a cell reaches its maximum size |
| Cell division accounts for 3 essential life processes | Growth Repair Reproduction |
| Growth | Growth is the result of cells producing new cells through cell division As the number of cells making up an organism increases, the organism grows |
| Repair | Cell division is crucial for repairing tissues Regeneration is the process where new cells are formed to replace cells that are lost or injured Your skin cells are replaced every 28 days |
| Reproduction | Reproduction is the process by which cell division creates new organisms |
| 2 types of reproduction | Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction |
| Asexual Reproduction | The process when an offspring is produced by only 1 parent Common among bacteria, fungi, plants, and some animals Since there is only one parent, the offsprings are genetically identical to the parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | This type of reproduction produces offspring that have a combination of genetic material from 2 parent organisms |
| Cells grow and divide in a cycle called... | The cell cycle |
| 2 main divisions in the cell cycle | Interphase Cell division |
| Interphase | This is part of the cell cycle that occurs between divisions During this period cells are very active. They are producing all material needed for growth, and preparing for cell division This accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle |
| 3 phases of Interphase | G1 S G2 |
| G1 Phase | G stands for “gap” This phase is characterized by growth and development |
| S Phase | S stands for “synthesis” During this stage the chromosomes of the nucleus replicate Replication occurs when material takes copies of itself |
| G2 Phase | During this phase the cell will synthesize organelles and other materials which may play a role in cell division |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is found in the nucleus and holds all of the genetic information of an organism Genetic information must be passed on to parent to child to continue the species |
| Chromatin | This is a thin, fibrous form of DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome(DNA condensed) A cell’s chromosomes are going to be in the form of chromatin for most of interphase “Unwound” DNA, like a bowl of spaghetti |
| What happens to the DNA during the S phase? | Each chromosome is replicated Chromatin is formed into chromatids which are short, thick chromosome strands-DNA unwound |
| Sister Chromatids | 2 identical structures that result from chromosome replication These become visible during cell division The point where the sister chromatids are joined is called a centromere 2 DNA condensed Sister chromatids is one chromosome |
| Chromatin | DNA unwound |
| Chromosome | DNA condensed |
| Sister chromotids that divide | Are called daughter chromosomes |
| DNA after interphase | After interphase, chromosomes condense to prepare for cell division This marks the end of interphase and the beginning of the first step of cell division |
| Mitosis | A continuous process that forms 2 new nuclei in preparation for 2 new daughter cells |
| 4 phases of mitosis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| Prophase | In cytoplasm proteins begin to assemble into spindle fibers, nuclear envelope disintegrates and apart of each chromosome centromere attaches to a spindle fiber, fibers then begin to call sister chromatids towards center |
| Metaphase | The chromosomes are pulled to the center of the cell where they line up on an imaginary line called a metaphase plate By the end of metaphase each chromosome is lined up an equal distance from from the ends of the cell |
| Anaphase | Centromeres divide and spindle fibers pull one set of chromatids toward opposite sides of the cell, the separated chromatids are two identical sets of daughter chromosomes At the end, 2 best daughter chromosomes are at the opposite “poles” of the cell |
| Telophase | In the last phase of mitosis, 2 daughter nuclei are formed around each set of chromosomes Chromosomes uncoil to form a loose mass of chromatin By the end of telophase the spindle fibers will disassemble It is, essentially, the opposite of prophase |
| Cytokinesis in animals | This is cytoplasm division where the cell finally divides to form 2 identical cells The cell membrane folds inwards and a cleavage furrow forms in the middle of the cell and it is “pinched” in half until the membranes meet |
| What is Cell meiosis? How does genetic diversity happen? | In sexual reproduction, the genetic info of one parent is combined with that of the other parent to produce a genetically distinct offspring Meiosis is part of the process of developing genetic diversity thru cell divisions, much like mitosis |
| Meiosis | Helps with genetic diversity Type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half, so that the daughter cells are haploid (n) |
| The DNA in the form of chromosomes... | Define the organism |
| How many chromosomes do people have per cell? | Every person has 46 chromosomes per cell 23 from mother, 23 from father X and Y chromosomes determine the gender |
| 2 types of cells in the body | Somatic cells and Gamete cells |
| Somatic cells | Almost all of the cells in your body (ei. Skin cell) Undergoes mitosis |
| Reproductive cells (Gametes) | Egg and sperm cells Undergoes meiosis Female Gametes-eggs Male Gametes-sperm |
| Diploid cell | A cell that has 2 complete sets of chromosomes (2n) Almost all of the cells in your body (Somatic) are diploid |
| Haploid cells | Human sex cells, sperm and eggs, are haploid(n). They only contain half the number of chromosomes as diploid cells Haploid reproductive cell are called gametes, or sex cells |
| 2 stages of Meiosis | Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2 |
| Meiosis vs. Mitosis | Meiosis is similar to mitosis except that there are 2 rounds of cell division in Meiosis and the product is 4 genetically diverse haploid cells instead of 2 genetically identical diploid cells |
Created by:
Brooklynite
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