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Biology chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| somatic cell | cell that makes up all the body tissues organs except, gametes |
| gamete | sex cell; and egg or a sperm cell |
| homologous chromosome | chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ |
| autosome | chromosome that contains for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the chromosome |
| sex chromosome | chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual development |
| fertilization | fusion of an egg and sperm cell |
| diploid | cell that has two copies of each chromosome , one from the egg and one from the sperm |
| haploid | cell that only has one copy of each chromosome |
| meiosis | form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells; important for forming gametes for sexual reproduction |
| gametogenesis | process by which gametes are produced through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes |
| sperm | male gamete |
| egg | female gamete |
| polar body | haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female on many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate |
| trait | characteristic that is inherited |
| genetics | study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms |
| purebred | type of organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform |
| cross | mating of two organisms |
| law of segregation | Mendel's first law stating that organisms inherit two copies of genes one from each parent and organisms only donate one copy of each gene in their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation |
| gene | specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| allele | any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs on a specific place on a chromosome |
| homozygous | characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| heterozygous | characteristics of having two different alleles that appear at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| genome | all of an organisms genetic material |
| genotype | collection of all an organisms genetic information that codes for traits |
| phenotype | collection of all an organisms physical characteristics |
| dominant | allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organisms genotype |
| recessive | allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organisms genotype |
| Punnett square | model for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross or mating |
| monohybrid cross | cross or mating between organisms that involves only one pair of contrasting traits |
| testcross | cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype |
| dihybrid cross | cross or mating between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits |
| law of independent assortment | Mendel's second law stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete formation |
| probability | likelihood that a particular event will happen |
| crossing over | exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1 |
| genetic linkage | tendency for genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
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