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9) Evolution
Biology Revision Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reminder: What are the 7 properties of life? | 1) Cellular (recall Cell theory) 2) Ordered complexity 3) Sensitivity 4)Growth, development, reproduction 5) Energy utilization 6) Homeostatis 7)Evolution (populations adapt to their envi.) |
| Explain why an ecosystems approach is necessary for sustainable agriculture | The exponential growth of the human population made us use imporve our productivity with mechanisation/pesticide/fertilizers. BUT, not sustainable so will lead to big food production crisis. SO, we should use a more sustainable ecosystem approach |
| What are the Three sisters? | Corn, Squash and Bean. The combination provide sustainable soil fertility and a healthy diet :) |
| What are Darwins postulate? | (1) There is individual variation within a population (2) Some traits are heritable (3) More offspring produced that can survive (4) Natural selection=most biologically fit survives and reproduces |
| What is Darwins evidence for evolution? (4) See notebook for developed answer | (1) Adaptation (2) Fossils (3) Age of Earth (from Lyell) (4) Competition (from Malthus) (5) Comparative anatomy (6) Heredity (he did breeding experiments but didn't solve the mechanism like Mendel) |
| What is modern evidence for evolution? | notebook |
| What has the same basic pattern in all non-fish vertebrates? | Tetrapod limb |
| Divergent evolution leads to ... structure | homologous |
| What is structural homology? Example. | Similar structures adapted for different niches, like tetrapod limb |
| Give an example on genetic homology | Eyeless gene in Drosophilia and aniridia gene in humans |
| What is development homology? Purpose? Example | Genetic pattern of development similar in related species. It can show relatedness if organisms. Ex: vertebrate embryos go through the same developmental stages |
| What is convergent evolution? | Unrelated organisms adapt in a similar way to a similar niche |
| What is divergent evolution? | Species with a common ancestor that change to become increasingly different over time |
| What are analogous structures? Example | Analogous structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure. Ex: Species that eat ant, so have similar long snouts but are ANALOGOUS structures |
| What is evolutionary conservation? | Evolution builds on what came before, so adaptation is not always "logical". Ex: Giraffe only have 7 neck vertebrae, bc their ancestors only had 7. |
| What are vestigial structures? Example? | Structures that have no apparent function and appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor. Ex: Appendix and wisdom teeth in huma |
| What is biological fitness? | Being able to survive AND breed AND become a grandparent |
| Why is genetic variation the raw material for evolution? (why essential?) | Evolution by natural selection can only work if there's genetic variation. Genetic recombination and mutuation allow the creation of phenotypic variation (polymorphs) and natural selection removes of phenotypic varieties that don't fit the niche |
| Example of importance of genetic variable | Artificial selection of racehorse for increased speed: no improvement because all the horses come from the same ancestors and there's little genetic variation |
| What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? | 1-No mutations 2-No gene flow (emigration/immigration) 3-Random mating 4-No selection 5-Large population |
| What are the 5 factors of evolutionary change? | 1-Mutation 2- Gene flow 3-Non-random mating 4- Selection 5- Small population (causes genetic drift) |
| Give an example for the 5 factors of evolutionary change | 1- Mutation: Sickle cell anemia 2- Gene flow: Monarch, flowers being pollinated 3- Non random mating: Dreeding dogs 4- Selection: Peppered moth 5- Genetic drift: Bootleneck:Cheetahs (closely related so skin draft causes no immune response) |
| What are the 2 types of genetic drift? | 1-Founder effect: Small number of individuals colonised a new place 2-Bottleneck: something has reduced the population (disaster, disease, new predator) |
| Whats the source of relative lack of genetic variations in humans? | The human population was reduced to 2000 untillate stone age, when there was a population explosion. Basically, we all come from one women whos genetic was passed on. |
| What is disruptive selection, give example | Eliminates intermediate phenotypes and selects the extremes. Ex: sympatric population and beak sizes in finches |
| What is directional selection, give example | Eliminates one extreme to move to the other. Ex: antibiotic resistance and shells in galapagos tortoise |
| What is stabilizing selection, give example | Favours intermediate phenotype, eliminates extremes. Ex: Baby size or baby weight at birth |
Created by:
Malayka
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