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TRUE OR FALSE: Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plant cell wall but NEVER the plant cell membrane.
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In a mycorrhizal relationship, the plant obtains what from from the fungus?
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BIO 182 Exam 3
Terms and Definitions for third exam in BIO 182
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| TRUE OR FALSE: Endomycorrhizal fungi penetrate the plant cell wall but NEVER the plant cell membrane. | False |
| In a mycorrhizal relationship, the plant obtains what from from the fungus? | - protection - enhanced water and nutrient uptake from the soil |
| Name the interaction: A honeybee pollinating an aster flower | mutualism |
| If you break down the word mycorrhizae, it literally means: | fungus - root |
| What distinguishes predation from parasitism? | Typically predators have multiple prey whereas parasitism usually has only one host |
| The function of a mushroom is | to produce spores |
| Name the interaction: Ants that live in the swollen thorn bases of trees and their host tree. | mutualism |
| Name the interaction: Nubian ibex males fighting over females | competition |
| Interest in the concept of a niche and defining organisms niches has resurfaced as an important concept to understand. What primarily explains this? | Understanding an organisms niche helps predict how it might respond to rapid environmental changes we are seeing |
| Name the interaction: Where one interacting species (usually a large multi-celled species) benefits and the other species a detriment. 1: Competition 2: Mutualism 3: Predation 4: Parasitism 5: Commensalism 6: Amensalism | 3: Predation |
| Who noted 200 years ago that "human population was increasing faster than the resources necessary for subsistence and postulated that this might become an issue in future."? | Malthus, T. R. |
| According to the paper, what was the size of the human population 190 years ago? | 1 billion |
| According to the paper, what is the leading cause of biodiversity loss? | converting natural habitat to agricultural land for food production |
| Increasing human populations will lead to the increasing biodiversity loss. Why is this an issue? Why should biodiversity loss be of concern? | The ability of humans to survive is reliant on biodiversity in natural ecosystems because of the processes diverse ecosystems perform such as water purification and oxygen production |
| Human impacts [detrimental impacts] on earth's ecosystems have two major causes. | - Human overpopulation - Human overconsumption of resources |
| Which of the reasons below does the author give for why the overpopulation issues is often ignored? | religious and cultural influences |
| After reading the paper, there are two obvious actions citizens could take to reduce and reverse the highly detrimental impacts of an exploding human population on the plants ability to support those people. | - Having fewer offspring - Reducing your consumption of resources |
| According to the author, what is one consequence of so many people spending their lives in densely populated cities? | People are disconnected from the natural world and especially how it is impacted by human numbers and human development |
| What will likely to be required for addressing both overpopulation and overconsumption? | Changing to a worldview acknowledging that nature has a right to exist for itself and not just for human use |
| Fill in the blanks in this quote. "although many people often wonder what kind of _____________ we are leaving to our children, it is now also crucial to wonder what kind of ______________ we are leaving to our planet | planet; children |
| What is the "unit" that evolves? | population |
| What do all forms of speciation have in common? | mechanisms that cause reproductive isolation |
| One key requirement for natural selection to change populations and species is | That some individuals survive and some do not |
| Some species of aphids reproduce clonally, so an entire population is composed of clones. Assuming immigration does not occur and mutation rates are negligible or absent, how would this population evolve? | The population could not evolve |
| What finding made Darwin realize that geological processes were very slow so the earth could not be just a few 1000 yrs old. | He found fossil marine organisms high in the Andes Mtns in Chile |
| If Darwin was interested in science and nature, why did he opt out of a career in medicine and chose to go to Cambridge University to be in clergy? | At that time most scientific research and investigation was performed by the clergy |
| Write the name of the mechanism that Darwin proposed to explain how species change over time. | natural selection |
| How did Darwin's "decent with modification" explain life's diversity, the differences among species and individuals? | Organisms change gradually over long periods of time in diverse environments |
| What is the first antibiotic discovered? | penicillin |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Today, we can look at and measure evolutionary change by looking at allele frequencies. Evolution can be defined as allele frequency changes in a population over generations. | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: We cannot actually observe species evolving. | False |
| Darwin proposed which of the following as the mechanism that explains how species change over time to become better adapted to their environment? | natural selection |
| What was one of the changes seen in peppered moth populations during the industrial revolution in England? | The carbonaria form became more abundant that the typica form |
| What change in the apple maggots biology enabled them to form two different races, one on apple and one on hawthorn? | a shift in host choice where females who lay eggs on one host produce adults that only recognize that host |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Darwin also explained evolution using allele frequencies stating that when allele frequencies change over generations within a population, the population has evolved. | False |
| High melanin production in human populations in Africa is selected for (actually low melanin production is selected against) for what reason? | To protect from the damaging effects of UV light on skin cells and cancer |
| The gradual change in the limbs and teeth of horses and their ancestors over the past 50 million years illustrates what? | descent with modification |
| Natural selection is one of the mechanisms of? | evolution |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Different species are never able to produce hybrids | False |
| Both natural selection and artificial selection can change species in significant and dramatic ways. Genetically, how does this happen? | - mutation - producing unique combinations of genes within an individual |
| TRUE OR FALSE: The theory of evolution has the same standing, in other words, is regarded as being an equally reliable and robust explanation as other theories such as the cell theory or the gene theory. | True |
| Write the name of the group of Islands that Darwin explored on his journey that made him think carefully about his theory of evolution and helped him develop his explanation. | Galapagos |
| What limits both the number of varieties or the magnitude of the changes in the populations that results from the processes of natural and artificial selection? | the genetic variation within the population |
| Where humans have modified other species over generations via strong directional selection for specific traits | artificial selection |
| How did humans evolve lactose persistence? | The lactase gene promoter region appears to have mutation several times in different populations leaving the lactase gene switched on all of the time |
| One key requirement for natural selection to change populations and species is | That some individuals survive and some do not |
| Which of the following types of organism pose problem when applying the biological species concept? | 1: Organisms that reproduce asexually 3: Organisms on which you can't perform mating experiments 4: Organisms that are extinct |
| TRUE OR FALSE: If someone worked out to increase their physical ability with big muscles and this in turn increased their ability to survive and reproduce. Is their increased physical ability and big muscles an adaptation in the evolutionary sense? | False |
| What do we call inherited characters that enhance an organisms survival and reproduction? | adaptations |
| A scientific theory is typically viewed as ______________ by the most of the general public outside of the world of science. | a best guess or speculation |
| What to the following describe: Organisms with more traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Favorable variations or traits will accumulate in subsequent generations causing change and in organisms and organisms better adapted to environment. | biotic potential |
| In the 1800's, what probably stalled progress in science and progress towards proposing ideas that explain the unity and diversity of life on earth? | The biblical view that species were created by God and did not change over time |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Within a population, those individuals with the most advantageous traits are more likely to survive and therefore reproduce. | True |
| TRUE OR FALSE: Evolutionary change can be observed within a population within a single generation if individuals in the population change. | False |
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