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Biology Chapter 10
Cellular Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the stages of mitosis. | Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. |
| What is anaphase? | A stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other |
| What is binary fission? | A prokaryotic cell division process. |
| What is the cell cycle? | Ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that makes two new daughter cells. |
| What is the cell plate? | Only occurs in plant cells in cytokinesis by golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure and fusing at the metaphase plate. |
| What is a cell-cycle checkpoint? | A mechanism that determines if a eukaryotic cell is able to advance through the cell cycle. |
| What is the centriole? | A rod-like structure made of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome. |
| What is a centromere? | The region where sister chromatids are connected. |
| What is the cleavage furrow? | This is the constriction of the cell membrane by an actin ring during cytokinesis that divides the cell. |
| What is condensin? | A protein that helps sister chromatids coil during prophase. |
| What is cyclin? | A group of proteins that act in conjunction with with cyclin-depndent kinases to help regulate the cell cycle |
| What is a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)? | A different group of proteins that helps to regulate the cell cycle when bound to cyclin; it functions to phosphorylate other proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation. |
| What is cytokinesis? | The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that makes two new cells. |
| Define diploid. | A cell, nucleus, or organism that contains two sets of chromosomes. (2n) |
| What is FtsZ? | Tublin-like protein component of prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis. Stands for Filamenting Temperature-Sensitive mutant Z. |
| What happens in the G0 phase of the cell cycle. | This is the dormant portion of the cell's life. It is not preparing for cell division. |
| What happens in the G1 phase? | First phase of interphase centered on cellular growth during mitosis. |
| What happens in the S phase? | This is the second step and it synthesizes or copies the DNA |
| What happens in the G2 phase? | The third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis (growing more). |
| What is a gamete? | A haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg). |
| What is a gene? | A physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein |
| What is a genome? | The total genetic information of a cell or organism. |
| Describe haploid. | Cell, nucleus, or organism that contains one set of chromosomes. (n) |
| What is a histone? | A basic protein found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes. |
| What is a homologous chromosome? | Chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location. Diploid chromosomes have pairs of homologous chromosomes. |
| What is interphase? | The period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases |
| What is karyokinesis? | Mitotic cellular division (aka mitosis) |
| What is a kinetochore? | A protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase. |
| What is the locus? | The position of a gene on a chromosome. |
| What is metaphase? | The stage of mitosis when the chromosomes align at the metaphase plate (or middle of the cell). |
| What is the metaphase plate? | The equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase. |
| Define mitosis. | Period of the cell cycle when the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei |
| What is the mitotic spindle? | The apparatus made of microtubules that governs the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| What is a nucleosome? | A subunit of chromatin made of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. |
| What is an oncogene? | The mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell. |
| What is the origin? | The region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins |
| What is p21? | A cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53. |
| What is p53? | Another regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the advancement of the cell cycle in case of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis. |
| What is prometaphase? | A stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores. |
| What is prophase? | The stage of mitosis when the chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form. |
| What is a proto-oncogene? | A normal gene that, when mutated, becomes an oncogene |
| What is a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)? | Regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F) |
| What is a septum? | A structure formed in bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells. |
| what is telophase? | The stage of mitosis when the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope. |
| What is the tumor suppressor gene? | The segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled division. |
| The diploid cell has ______ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell. | twice |
| An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited______. | genes |
| Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called _______. | sister chromatids |
| Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase? 1) DNA duplication 2) Organelle duplication 3) increase in cell size 4) separation of sister chromatids | Organelle duplication |
| Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? | Prometaphase |
| Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? | Telophase |
| The fusing of golgi vesicles at the metaphase plate of dividing plant cells forms what structure? | Cell plate |
| At which of the cell-cycle checkpoints do external forces have the greatest influence? | G1 checkpoint |
| If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked? | Anaphase |
| Many of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle were discovered in what type of cells? | In cancer cells |
| ______are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. | Gene mutations |
| A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of a cycle in an ________ | Oncogene |
| Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission? | Karyokinesis (mitosis) |
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tali_Alley
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