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1610 Ch. 4 Terms
1610 Biology: Ch. 4 Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell theory | The theory that the cell is the basic unit of life, of which all living things are composed , and that all cells are derived from pre-existing cells. |
| nuclear area | Region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane. |
| ribosome | Organelles that are part of the protein synthesis machinery of both prokarytotic and eukaryotic cells; consist of a larger and smaller subunit, each composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins. |
| cytosol | The fluid component of the cytoplasm in which the organelles are suspended. |
| nuclear envelope | The double membrane system the encloses the cell nucleus of eukaryotes. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and protein that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
| smooth ER | Endoplasmic Reticulum; An interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, the ER lumen. A site of lipid biosynthesis, lacks ribosomes. |
| cisterna | A stack of flattened membranous sacs that make up the Golgi complex. |
| lysosome | Intracellular organelles present in many animal cell; contain a variety of hydrolytic enzymes. |
| glyoxysomes | Membrane-enclosed structures in cells of certain plant seeds; contain a large array of enzymes that convert stored fat to sugar. |
| contractile vacuole | A membrane-enclosed organelle found in certain freshwater protists, such as paramecium; appears to have an osmoregulatory function. |
| cristae | Shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. |
| stroma | A fluid space of the chloroplast, enclosed by the chloroplast inner membrane and surrounding the thylakoids; site of the reactions of the Calvin cycle. |
| proplastid | Organelles that are plastid precursors; may mature into various specialized plastids, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or leukoplasts. |
| cytoskeleton | The dynamic internal network of protein fibers that includes microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. |
| centrosomes | An organelle in animal cells that is the main microtubule-organizing center; typically contains a pair of centrioles and is important in cell division. |
| dynein | An ATPase that is associated especially with microtubules involved in the movement of cellular organelles and structures (as cilia, flagella, and chromosomes) |
| inermediate filament | Cytoplasmic fibers that are part of the cytoskeletal network and are intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| fibronectins | Glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix that bind to integrins (receptor proteins in the plasma membrane) |
| middle lamella | The layer composed of pectin polysaccharides that serves to cement together the primary cell walls of adjacent plant cells. |
| plasma membrane | The selectively permeable surface membrane that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving the cell must pass. |
| nucleoid | Region of a prokaryotic cell that contains DNA; not enclosed by a membrane. |
| eukaryotic cell | A cell with a nucleus, which contains the cell's chromosomes. (Plants, animals, protists, and fungi.) |
| endomembrane system | The group of membranous structures in eukaryotic cells that interact though direct connections by vesicles; includes the endoplasmic reticulum, outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, Golgi complex, lysosomes, and the plasma membrane. |
| nuclear pores | Structures in the nuclear envelope that allow passage of certain materials between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. |
| nucleolus | Specialized structure in the cell nucleus formed from regions of several chromosomes; site of assembly of the ribosomal subunits. |
| rough ER | An interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, the ER lumen. Has ribosomes attached to the cytosolic surface. |
| cis face | The proximal face of the Golgi apparatus. |
| primary lysosome | A cytoplasmic body that is produced at the Golgi complex where hydrolytic enzymes are incorporated. |
| vacuole | A fluid-filled membrane enclosed sac found within the cytoplasm; may function in storage, digestion, or water elimination. |
| mitochondrion | Intracellular organelles that are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes; include an outer membrane and an inner membrane. |
| mitochondrial matrix | Contains soluble enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of pyruvate and other small organic molecules. Contains the mitochondria's DNA and ribosomes. |
| thylakoid | An interconnected system of flattened saclike, membranous structures inside the chloroplasts. |
| chromoplast | Pigment-containing plastids; usually found in flowers and fruits. |
| microtubule | Hollow, cylindrical fibers consisting of tubulin protein subunits; major components of the cytoskeleton and found in mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella, centrioles, and basal bodies. |
| centriole | One of a pair of small, cylindrical organelles lying at the right angles to each other near the nucleus in the cytoplasm of animal cells and certain protist and plant cells; each is in the form of a cylinder composed of nine triplets of microtubules. |
| cilia | A short, hairlike structure that projects from the surface of some eukaryotic cells and are used for locomotion or movement of materials across the cell surface. |
| basal body | Structure involved in the organization and anchorage of a cilium or flagellum. Structurally similar to a centriole; each is in the form of a cylinder composed of nine triplets of microtubules (9x3 structure) |
| glycocalyx | A coating on the outside of an animal cell, formed by the polysaccharide portions of glycoproteins and glycolipids associated with the plasma membrane. |
| integrins | Receptor proteins that bind to specific proteins in the extracellular matrix and to membrane proteins on adjacent cells; transmit signals into the cell from the extracellular matrix. |
| organelle | One of the specialized structures within the cell, such as the mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, or contractile vacuole; many are membrane-enclosed. |
| cell wall | The structure outside the plasma membrane if certain cells; may contain cellulose (plant cells), chitin (most fungal cells), peptidoglycan and/or lipopolysaccharide (most bacterial cells), or other material. |
| cytoplasm | The plasma membrane and cell contents with the exception of the nucleus. |
| vesicle | Any small sac, especially a small, spherical, membrane-enclosed compartment, within the cytoplasm. |
| gene | A segment of DNA that serves as a unit of hereditary information; includes a transcribable DNA sequence (plus associated sequences regulation its transcription) that yields a protein or RNA product with a specific function. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | An interconnected network of internal membranes in eukaryotic cells enclosing a compartment, the ER lumen. |
| transport vesicle | Small cytoplasmic vesicles that move substances from one membrane system to another. |
| tonoplast | The membrane surrounding a vacuole. |
| endosymbiont theory | A theory that the mitochondria of eukaryotes and the chloroplasts of green plants and flagellates originated as free-living prokaryotes that invaded primitive eukaryotic cells and become established as permanent symbionts in the cytoplasm. |
| chloroplast | Membranous organelles that are the sites of photosynthesis in eukaryotes; occur in some plants and algal cells. |
| grana | A stack of thylakoids within the chloroplast. |
| leucoplast | Colorless plastids; include amyloplast, which are used for starch storage in cells of roots and tubers. |
| microtubule-associate proteins | MAP; Include structural proteins that help regulate microtubule assembly and cross-link microtubules o other cytoskeletal polymers; and motors, such as kinesin and dynein, that use ATP to produce movement. |
| flagella | A long, whiplike structure extending from certain cells and used in locomotion. |
| microfilament | Any of the minute fibers located throughout the cytoplasm of cells, composed of actin and functioning primarily in maintaining the structural integrity of a cell. |
| extracellular matrix | ECM; A network of proteins and carbohydrates that surrounds many animal cells. |
| cell signaling | Mechanisms of communication between cells. |
| prokaryotic cell | A cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles. |
| nucleoplasm | The contents of the cell nucleus. |
| nucleus | A cell organelle in eukaryotes that contains the DNA and serves as the control center of the cell. |
| chromosome | Structure in the cell nucleus that consist of chromatin and contains the genes. |
| Golgi complex | Organelle composed of stacks of flattened, membranous sacs. Mainly responsible for modifying, packaging, and sorting proteins that will be secreted or targeted to other organelles of the internal membrane system or the the plasma membrane. |
| peroxisome | In eukaryotic cells, membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that produce or degrade hydrogen peroxide. |
| food vacuole | a membrane-bound vacuole (as in an amoeba) in which ingested food is digested |
| photosynthesis | The biological process that captures light energy and transforms in into the chemical energy of organic molecules (e.g., carbohydrates), which are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water. |
| plastids | A family of membrane- enclosed organelles occurring in photosynthetic eukaryotic cells; include chloroplast, chromoplast, and amyloplasts and other leukoplasts. |
| amyloplast | A colorless plastid that forms and stores starch. |
| microtubule-organizing center | MTOC; The region of the cell from which microtubules are anchored and possibly assembled. |
| kinesis | A movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus. |
| actin | The protein of which microfilaments consist. Combined with myosin, it is responsible for muscle contraction. |
| collagen | Protein found in the fibers of connective tissues. |
| cellulose | A structural polysaccharide consisting of beta glucose subunits; the main constituent of plant primary cell walls. |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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