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Cell Bio
Cell Structure and function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cell | basic units of life |
| cell theory | All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. New cells are produced from existing cells. |
| prokaryotic cell | Cells that have genetic material that is NOT contained in a nucleus. There is a nucleoid region where genetic material is located. |
| eukaryotic cell | Cells that contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane. |
| organelles | The structures inside the cell that act as specialized organs |
| ribosomes | The organelle in the eukaryotic cell that is responsible for protein synthesis (manufacture). |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | The organelle in a eukaryotic cell where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell. Equate to the assembly line in a manufacturing center |
| nucleus | The cell organelle that contains the cells DNA. The DNA in the nucleus contains the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. The nucleus is the "brain" of the cell. |
| Golgi apparatus | This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials as they come off the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. The packaging and shipping center. Like FedEx! |
| Lysosomes | Cell organelles filled with enzymes for the digestion or breakdown or lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. |
| Cell Membrane | Thin flexible barrier aroun a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Cell Wall | Strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae and some bacteria. Supporting structure. NOTE: ANIMAL CELLS DO NOT HAVE CELL WALLS. |
| Centriole | One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that is involved in cellular reproduction. Centrioles organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton to form the spindle fibers that help to separate chromosomes during nuclear division. |
| Chlorophyll | Principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. This pigment captures light energy. |
| Chloroplast | Organelle found in cells of plants that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy in the process known as photosynthesis. |
| Cilia | Short hairlike projections similar to flagella which produce movement in many cells. |
| Chromosome | Threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next. prokaryotic=circular eukaryotic=linear |
| Cytoplasm | Material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus in which all of the organelles float. |
| Diffusion | Process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated. |
| Flagella | A whip-like structure that provides a cell with the ability to move from place to place. |
| Mitochondria | Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Where the process of cellular respiration takes place. The "battery" of the cell. |
| Nucleolus | Small, dense region within the nucleus of many cells that is the site where ribosomes are made. |
| Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Passive transport | The diffusion of particles or substances across the cell membrane without the use of energy. |
| Active Transport | Energy requiring process that moves material across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient. For example: from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. |
| Unicellular | Single celled organism |
| Vacuole | Cell organelle that stores water, food, proteins, or waste for movement inside and outside of the cell. |
| Cytoskeleton | The network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape. The cytoskeleton is also involved in cell movement. |
| Isotonic | The concentration of a solute is the same on both sides of the cell membrane. The system is in equilibrium with the concentration of the solute the same inside and outside of the cell. |
| Hypertonic | The concentration of solute outside the membrane is higher than the concentration of solute inside the cell membrane. Water will move outside the cell and the cell will shrink. |
| Hypotonic | The concentration of solute inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell. Water will flow across the cell membrane into the cell and eventually cause the cell to burst. |
| Endocytosis | The process of taking material into the cell by means of pockets of the cell membrane. The pocke breaks loose forming a vacuole within the cytoplasm. This is a form of active transport--requiring energy. |
| Exocytosis | The membrane of a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane forcing the contents of the vacuole out of the cell. This is an example of active transport--requiring energy. |
| Cell specialization | The process in which cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks. Examples: Neurons--nerve cells. Red Blood Cells |
| Hydrophobic | "Water-hating" |
| Hydrophilic | "Water-loving" |
| Rough ER | involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and dispatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes. |
| Smooth ER | is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats. |
| Permeability | the ability of fluids to pass through materials |
| Plasma membrane | biological membrane that surrounds every living cells to separate the internal components from the outside. It guards the cell. |
| Tonicity | The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Light-dependent reactions | the series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis requiring light energy that is captured by light-absorbing pigments (such as chlorophyll) to be converted into chemical energy such as ATP. |
| Light-independent reactions | series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis not requiring light to proceed, and ultimately produce organic molecules from carbon dioxide. |
| Phospholipids | A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| Polar | pertaining to a compound exhibiting polarity or dipole moment, that is a compound bearing a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other. |
| Nonpolar | compound comprised of molecules linked through chemical bonds arranged in such a way that the distribution of charges is symmetrical (equal). |
Created by:
juliarcardenas
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