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digest ch 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 7 main parts of GI tract? | Mouth, pharynx esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, and anal canal |
| What are the accessory digestive organs? | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, pancreas, liver |
| what are the 6 basic activities of the GI tract? | Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption/secretion, defecation |
| How is food moved through the GI tract? | Perostalsis |
| What is similar about the GI tract from the esophagus to the anal canal? | Has the same basic arrangements of tissues |
| What are the four basic layers of the tract from the inside out? | Mucosa, submucosa, Muscularis, serosa |
| What are the three layers of the mucosa? | epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
| What is the function of the epithelium in the mucosa? | protection, secretion & absorption |
| What is the function of the lamina propia layer in the mucosa? | (connective tissue) blood and lymphatic vessels for nutrient absorption |
| What is the function of the muscularis mucosa of the mucosa? | (smooth muscle fibers) create small folds to increase surface area |
| What is the purpose of the submucosa? | (connective tissue) sits between two layers of muscle-binds the mucosa to the muscularis |
| What contains the submucosal nerve plexus? | submucosa |
| What does the submucosal nerve plexus serve? | muscularis mucosa and controls secretions by the GI tract |
| Which part of the digestive system requires some voluntary control? | Mouth, pharynx and upper esophagus and external anal sphincter-part skeletal muscle for voluntary swallowing and defecation |
| What kind of muscle does the GI tract have? | 2 layers of smooth muscle:circular & longitudinal |
| What is the exception regarding the muscle in the GI tract? | The stomach has 3 layers of muscle where as the rest has 2 layers |
| What is the myenteric plexus? | nervous supply to muscle |
| Similar to the heart and lungs, what might we call the tissue that covers the surface of GI tract organs? | Serosa |
| What kind of tissue does the serosa include? | connective and epithelium |
| What are the layers of the peritoneum and where do you find them? | visceral & parietal |
| what is the definition of retroperitoneal cavity? | Is the anatomical space in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum. |
| What are some examples of organs that lie on the posterior wall and are only covered on their anterior surfaces? | most of pancreas, and parts of the large intestines |
| What is a retroperitoneal organ? | An organ that lies posterior to the peritoneum |
| What is a mesentery? | a double layer of peritoneum-a sheet of two serous membranes fused back to back |
| Where is the greater omentum located? | hangs over the transverse colon like a vascular apron |
| What is a function of the omentum? | protection, insulation |
| what does the mesentary do? | binds small intestines to the abdominal wall |
| what does the mesocolon do? | binds large intestines to posterior body wall |
| what does the lesser omentum do? | binds lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver |
| what is a complication of cirrhosis of the liver? | encephalopathy, ascites(exess of fluid in the space between membranes lining the abdomen and abdominal organs) |
| which part of the digestive tract have 3 layers of muscle in their muscularis tissue layer? | stomach |
| Which layer of the digestive tract is made up of mostly connective tissue and sits between two layers of muscle? | submucosa |
| How long is the esophogus? | 10in long |
| what is the spincter called that is the entrance of the esophagus? | esophageal sphincter |
| what event coincides with the relaxation of the esophageal sphincter? | swallowing |
| Where does the esophagus enter the peritoneal cavity? | at the esophageal hiatus |
| what are the three muscle layers of the stomach? | outer longitudinal, middle circular, inner oblique layer |
| What are the names of the parts of the stomach? | cardia, fundus, body, pyloric |
| what is the pylorus? | gatekeeper of the stomach |
| How does the stomach assist with digestion? | Mechanically:peristaltic mixing, churning and mixing Chemically: adds chemicals to breakdown protein |
| How much absorption happens in the stomach? | very little |
| What is the first section of the small intestines/ | duodenum |
| How do we describe the location of the duodenum? | retroperitoneal cavity |
| What does the duodenum recieve from the stomach? | chyme |
| What does the duodenum recieve through the hepatopancreatic ampulla? | Bile, pancreatic juice, enzymes |
| Where does absorption take place? | in the jejunum of the small intestine |
| How long is the jejunum? | 8ft |
| How long is the ileum? | 12ft |
| What is the longest and last section of the small intestines/ | ileum |
| where is the ileocecal valve located? | point at which the ileum enters the cecum |
| How do the contents of the digestive system change once in the large intestines and why? | Chyme converted to semisolid stool or feces, due to water absorption |
| What is the cecum? | expanded pouch at the base of the ascending colon |
| What accessory organ is attached to the cecum? | the vermiform APPENDIX |
| What are the 4 parts to the colon? | ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid |
| The walls of the colon are formed by a series of what that allow for distention? | haustra |
| Digestion in the G.I. tract depends on 3 accessory structures? | pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
| Where does the majority of absorption of nutrients occur? | small intestines |
| Where is the pancreas located? | in the retroperitoneal cavity-posterior and inferior to the stomach |
| where does the pancreas empty? | the duodenum |
| what are the two ducts of the pancreas that empty into the duodenum? | smaller accessory duct & the larger pancreatic duct(heptopancreatic ampulla) |
| What does the pancreas secrete? | digestive enzymes and hormones(insulin) |
| What are the 4 lobes of the liver? | right & left lobe-separated by falciform ligament, quadrate lobe and caudate lobe |
| what separates the right and left lobe of the liver? | falciform ligament |
| which two vessels bring blood to the liver? | hepatic artery and portal vein |
| What type of blood does the hepatic artery carry? | oxygenated blood to the liver |
| what type of blood does the portal vein carry? | nutrient rich blood to the liver |
| Portal vein to where? | to liver |
| Splenic from where? | spleen |
| Veins carrying products of digestion do not directly enter the systemic circulation instead they are delivered to where? | to the liver via the portal vien |
| What does the liver do? | metabolizes nutrients from GI, detoxification, bile production & secretiion, storage of glycagon + some vitamins and minerals |
| Where is the bile produced and excreted? | the liver |
| What does the gallbladder do? | stores and concentrates bile up to 10 fold until it is needed in the small intestines |
| Smooth muscle in wall of gallbladder contract causing what to happen? | bile forced into cystic duct, bile duct and than small intestine |
| what is bile used for? | digestion of fat |
| where does the gallbladder force bile into? | the cystic duct, the bile duct, small intestines |
| intrinsic muscles do what to the tongue? | change the shape |
| extrinsic muscles do what to the tongue | alter the tongues position |
| what is the lingual frenulum? | attachment to the floor of the mouth=tongue tied |
| which taste buds are the only ones you can see? | circumvallate papilla |
| which salivary gland does the mumps effect? | parotid |
| what is saliva secreted from? | serous and mucous cells |
| what is the main component of saliva? | water |
| how much water makes up saliva? | 97-99.5% |
| what electrolytes are found in saliva? | na+, k+, cl-,po4 2-, hco3-(bicarbonate) |
| what is the enzyme that starts digesting starch in the mouth? | salivary amylase |
| what is the enzyme that starts digesting fat in the mouth? | lingual lypase |
| what wraps the bolus so it can slide down the throat>? | mucin |
| what metabolic wastes are found in the saliva? | urea, and uric acid |
| what is found in saliva that helps protect against microorganisms? | lysozyme, IgA, defensins and a cyanide compound |
| What does peridontitis effect? | the tooth ligament(periodontal) |
| what is the gingiva? | gum |
| how many primary teeth do we have? | 20 |
| how many permanent teeth> | 32 |
| why doesnt enamel grow back? | because its avascular |
| what makes up the majority of the tooth? | dentin |
| where are the blood vessels and nerves found in the tooth? | in the pulp |
| what does the periodontal ligament adhere to? | the cementum |
| what does occlusion mean? | How teeth fit together |
| where does the start of digestion occur? | in the mouth with mastification(chewing) |
| what begins the breakdown of disaccharides(sugars) in the mouth? | salivary amylase |
| what do liver lobules do? | filter and process nutrient-rich blood |
| What is at each corner of the liver lobule? | bile duct(recieves bile from bile canaliculi)portal arteriole(branch of the hepatic artery)Hepatic venule(a branch of the hapatic portal vein) |
| what are liver sinusoids? | leaky capillaries between hepatic plates |
| what are kupffer cells | hepatic macrophages |
| where does the blood enter the liver> | the portal vein |
| what is entering the liver through the portal vein? | blood from entire GI tract |
| what are the functions of the hepatocyte? | process bloodborne nutrients, store fat-soluble vitamins, perform detoxification, and produce 900 ml of bile per day |
| what is a yellow-green *alkaline* solution called? | bile |
| what does bile contain? | bile salts, bilirubin,cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids and electrolytes |
| what are bile salts? | cholesterol derivative that function in fat emulsification and absorption |
| what is bilirubin? | pigment formed from heme |
| what is the enterohepatic circulation> | recycles bile salts |
| what is the circulation route of bile through the enterohepatic circulation> | bile salts-duodenum-reabsorbed from ileum-hepatic portal blood-liver-secreted into bile |
| the gallbladder stores and concentrates bile by doing what? | by absorbing its water and ions |
| the gallbladder releases bile via what? | the cystic duct |
| where does the cystic duct flow into> | the bile duct |
| the liver is a what kind of system>? | low pressure |
| how prevalent is Hep C? | 1.8% of US population |
| what is the largest source of people with Hep C infection? | injecting drug us 60% |
| what is compensated liver disease? | the body is coping(compensating) well enough to function and stay alive..with the disease |
| what is decompensated liver disease? | the body can no longer cope with the disease and is failing to survive |
| what is varices? | esophogas vericose veins |
| the hepatic vein takes filtered blood to where? | the heart |
| Hepatic vein obstruction leads to what>? | ascites |
| what are the symptoms of ascites? | coughing, tiredness, pulmonary edema(excess fluid in the lungs)pumping action of the heart grows weaker, pleural effusion(excess fluid around the lungs) swelling in abdomen, swelling in ankles and legs |
| what is the earliest sign of ascites? | swelling of abdomen |
| what is the best way to detect ascites? | ultrasound |
| what is hepatic encephalopathy> | It is characterized by various neurologic symptoms including changes in reflexes, changes in consciousness, memory loss, confusion..coma |
| what is one of the causes of hepatic encephalopathy? | failure to metabolize amonia |
| what are some causes of a peptic ulcer? | high acid and peptic content, irritation, poor blood supply, poor secretion of mucus, H. Pylori infection |
| where in the stomach are peptic ulcer more likely to be | down by the pyloric area or cardia area |
| Most ulcers are caused by what? | infection, not spicy food |
| what is the most common ulcer symptom> | burning pain in stomach |
| can ulcers be cured for good? | yes, because of antibiotics for H. Pylori |
| where are the H pylori bacteria found in the stomach? | mucosa layer |
| Metastasized colon cancers frequently cause what? | secondary liver cancer |
| 90% of colon cancers are found at what age? | past age 50 |
| mastication is partly voluntary and partly what? | reflexive |
| What enzymes aid in chemical digestion in the mouth? | lipase, amylase |
| what is deglutition? | swallowing |
| What two things rise in order to prevent food from entering the respiratory passageway? | uvula and larynx |
| what sphincter relaxes to allow food to enter the esophagus? | the esophageal sphincter |
| food is moved through the esophagus to the stomach by what? | peristalsis |
| where does the involuntary phase begin in swallowing? | when the food bolus is forced into the oropharynx |
| what sphincter must open in order to allow food into the stomach | the gasteroesophageal |
| what does the lesser omentum connect? | liver to stomach |
| where is the greater omentum located? | hangs from greater curvature of stomach and hangs over transverse section of large intestines |
| what are the gastric glands | mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells |
| what do the mucous neck cells secrete? | thin, acidic mucus |
| what do the parietal cells secrete? | stomach acid (HCL) |
| what do the chief cells secrete | pepsin and gastric lipase |
| protein digestion is initiated by what? | pepsin |
| intrinsic factor is required for absorption of what? | vitamin B12 |
| lack of intrinsic factor results in what/ | pernicious anemia |
| what delivers chyme to the small intestine? | the stomach |
| what produces most of the gastric juices in the stomach? | THE FUNDUS AND BODY |
| WHAT DO PARIETAL CELLS SECRETE? | HCL(hydrochloric acid or gastic juice) and intrinsic factor |
| what does HCL do> | denatures protein in food, activates pepsin and kills many bacteria |
| what activates pepsin? | HCL |
| pepsin works best in what kind of environment? | ACIDIC(LOW PH) |
| what buffers gastric acid to prevent damage to the epithelium of the stomach? | bicarbonate |
| What does intrinsic factor do? | complexes with vitamin b12 to permit absorption |
| where do hormones go in the body? | everywhere |
| which three chemicals stimulate parietal cells? | Ach, histamine, and gastrin |
| Does hydrochloric acid directly function in digestion? | no, it kills microorganisms, lowers the stomach pH to between 1.5 and 2.5; and activates pepsinogen. Pepsinogen is an enzyme that starts protein digestion. Pepsinogen is produced in cells that line the gastric pits. It is activated by cleaving off a porti |
| what inhibits gastric secretion and duodenal filling? | enterogastric reflex and enterogastrones |
| which chyme moves quickly through the duodenum? | carbohydrate rich |
| which chyme moves slowly through the duodenum? | fatty chyme |
| where is chemical digestion completed? | in the small intestines |
| where is the majority of water absorbed? | in the small intestines |
| how long does food stay in the small intestines/ | 3-6 hours |
| where is the small intestine located? | from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve |
| which of the small intestines is largest? | ileum |
| what do the circular folds(plicae circulares) do? | slows chyme down |
| what are the simple columnar absorptive cells called>? | enterocytes |
| where are peyers patches located? | in the submucosa of the small intestines |
| what does the pancreas excrete? | insulin and glucagon |
| what do acini in the pancreas secrete? | pancreatic juice |
| what are acini cells? | clusters of secretory cells |
| zymogen granules of secretory cells contain what>? | digestive enzymes |
| where is the pancreas located> | mostly retroperitoneal |
| Pancreatic juice is what type of solution? | watery alkaline(PH 8) that neutralizes chyme |
| what type of electrolytes are in pancreatic juice? | primarily HCO3- |
| What enzymes are in the pancreatic juice? | amylase, lipases, nucleases are secreted in active form but require ions or bile for optimal activity |
| Proteases is secreted in the pancreatic juice in what form?? | inactive |
| where is the proteases activated? | in the duodenum |
| trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by what? | brush border enzyme enteropeptidase |
| where is trypsinogen activated at? | in the pancreas |
| what is trypsinogen activated into? | trypsin |
| what are activated by trypsin? | procarboxypeptidase and chymotrypsinogen |
| where is the pancreas located in the abdominal cavity? | upper left quadrant |
| what stimulates the gallbladder to contract? | CCK from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat chyme |
| what causes the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax? | cck |
| bile comes back through what? | the portal system |
| bile secretion is stimulated by what? | bile salts in enterohepatic circulation &n secretion from intestinal cells exposed to HCL and fatty chyme |
| cck induces the secretion of what? | enzyme rich pancreatic juice by acini |
| secretin causes secretion of what/ | bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice by duct cells |
| what three things do you need for chemical digestion-Hydrolysis to take place? | water, enzymes, energy nutrient |
| carbohydrate gets converted into what? | glucose |
| protein and fat get converted into what? | amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol |
| what enzymes are involved in digestion of nucleic acids? | pancreatic ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease |
| How is nucleic acid absorbed? | through active transport |
| where are nucleic acids transported to ? | the liver |
| how are the nucleic acids transported to the liver? | via hepatic portal vein |
| what are some causes of malabosorption of nutrients/ | anything that interferes with delivery of bile or pancreatic juice or damage to the intestinal mucosa(bacterial infection) |
| what forces feces into the rectum | mass movement |
| what initiates spinal defecation reflex? | distension |
| what do parasympathetic signals do? | stimulate contraction of the sigmoid colon and rectum and relax the internal anal sphincter |
| what allows relaxation of the external anal sphincter? | conscious control |
| what is the largest gland in the body? | the liver |
| the liver receives 80% of its blood from where? | the portal vein |
| the liver recieves 20% of its blood from where? | from the heart via the hepatic artery and arterioles |
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campjandk
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