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Sc9 Chapters 4/5/6
Reproduction and Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a mutagen? | Substances or factors that cause mutations. |
| List examples of mutagens. | Mercury, cigarette smoke, x-ray and UV radiation. |
| What is a mutation? | A change in the order of bases ( A,C,T,G) that make up the gene. |
| What is a gene? | A small segment of DNA that codes the instructions to make a specific protein. |
| Where are chromosomes located? | Inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells |
| What is loosely coiled DNA called? | Chromatin |
| How many individual chromosomes are in a human cell? | 46 |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a human cell? | 23 |
| What are specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions in your body called? | Enzymes |
| What are specialized proteins that act as a chemical messengers called? | Hormones |
| What is a mutation that benefits an organism know as? | Positive Mutation |
| What is a mutation that harms an organism known as? | Negative Mutation |
| What is a mutation that has no effect on an organism known as? | Neutral Mutation |
| What do specialized cells come together to form? | Tissues |
| What do specialized tissues come together to form? | Organs |
| What are the steps in the ladder of a DNA strand made up of? | Nitrogen bases |
| What are the sides of the DNA strand made up of? | Sugar and phosphate |
| In a DNA strand A links with T and G links with? | C |
| In a DNA strand G links with C and A links with? | T |
| Which organelle is responsible for making proteins? | Ribosomes |
| Which organelle is like a storage container? | Vacuoles |
| What is the jelly-like substance that contains the organelles of a cell? | Cytoplasm |
| Which organelle provides energy to a cell from glucose? | Mitochondria |
| What is the tough rigid structure surrounding a plant cell called? | Cell Wall |
| What is a thin covering separating the cell contents from its surroundings called? | Cell Membrane |
| What is the control centre for a cell? | Nucleus |
| What is an endoplasmic reticulum? | A network of membrane covered channels |
| What is the function of the nucleolus? | It is the region in the nucleus that makes ribosomes. |
| What is the function of ribosomes? | to make proteins. |
| What is the function of the vesicles? | they are sacs that transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus. |
| What is the function of mitochondria | The powerhouse of the cell. |
| What does Chloroplast do? | Makes glucose using sunlight |
| In mitosis, explain the Prophase stage. | Nucleus disappears, spindle fibres attach to centromeres |
| In mitosis, explain the Metaphase. | Chromosomes line up along the equator of cell |
| In Mitosis, explain the Anaphase phase. | Sister chromatids are pulled apart by spindle fibres to opposite poles |
| In Mitosis, explain the Telophase phase. | Nucleus begins to form around chromosomes, formation of two daughter cells |
| What is the longest stage in the cycle of a cell? | Interphase |
| What is a spore? | A reproductive cell that grows into a new individual by mitosis. |
| What is binary fission? | A form of asexual reproduction in which a single parent cell replicates its genetic material and divides into two equal parts. |
| What is fragmentation? | A form of asexual reproduction in which each fragment of an organism develops into a clone of its parents. |
| What is budding? | A form of asexual reproduction in which areas of an individual cell may undergo repeated mitosis and cell division and can develop into an identical organism. |
| What is vegetative reproduction? | Reproduction in which special cells usually in a plant's stem and roots divide repeatedly to form structures that will eventually develop into a plant identical to the parent. |
| What are two characteristics of asexual reproduction? | 1.Only one parent required 2. Offspring are clones of parent |
| What are some advantages of asexual reproduction? | rapid, lots of offspring, no energy required to find a mate. |
| What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction? | no genetic diversity, competition for food and habitat. negative mutations passed on to all offspring |
| What are stem cells? | Cells that have the potential to become many types of different cells. |
| What are spindle fibres? | Tiny tube-like structures made of protein to which chromosomes attach during cell division. |
| What would happen if a cell was unable to make the protein to form spindle fibres? | The chromosome would not be able to divide because there would be no spindle fibres to pull it apart. |
| How do blood vessels help cancer cells to multiply? | By carrying them to other parts of the body where they can reproduce in new locations. |
| How do cancer cells spread to a new location? | They are carried in the blood stream to different parts of the body. |
| What is another term for adult DNA cloning? | Reproductive cloning |
| What is the purpose of reproductive cloning? | It produces a genetic duplicate of an organism with desirable traits. |
| What are three reasons a why a cell may not divide | 1. DNA is damaged 2. DNA is unreplicated 3.Not enough nutrients |
| Why is it necessary for the nuclear membrane to disintegrate during prophase? | So that the condensed DNA contained within the nucleus (that now forms chromosomes) can freely move to each pole of the cell in the later stages of division. |
| Why can only less complex forms of animal life reproduce asexually? | Because asexual reproduction is only good when environment is stable ( which doesn't happen much) Whereas sexual reproduction can happen in a variable environment. |
| Why is cell division necessary in unicellular organisms? | For reproduction |
| Why is cell division necessary in the multicellular organism. | to replace cells :eg. skin cells |
| In which stage of meiosis does chromosome cross over occur? | Prophase I |
| In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes pair up at the equator of the cell? | Metaphase I |
| In which stage of meiosis do 23 duplicated chromosomes uncoil and spindle fibres disappear? | Telophase I |
| In which stage of meiosis do one set of chromosomes coil and condense and spindle fibres form? | Prophase II |
| In which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids split apart and move to opposite poles of the cell? | Anaphase II |
| In which stage of meiosis do one set of single chromosomes uncoil and spindle fibres disappear? | Telophase II |
| In which stage of meiosis do 23 chromosomes line up at the cell equator? | Metaphase II |
| In which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell? | Anaphase I |
| In which stage of meiosis do two sets of chromosomes coil and condense and become visible? | Prophase I |
| What does haploid mean? | one set of chromosomes (23) |
| Which cells in our body are haploid? | gametes ( egg & sperm) |
| What does diploid mean? | two sets of chromosomes (46) |
| Which cells in our body are diploid? | All body cells (somatic cells) |
| Where does meiosis take place in our bodies? | Testes/ovaries |
| Compare mitosis and meiosis: | *Mitosis has two identical daughter cells, identical to parent, in somatic cells, no crossover, produces, diploid cells *Meiosis has four haploid gametes, genetic variation, in gametes, chromosome crossover, produces haploid cells. |
| How many chromosomes are in our body cells? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes are in our gametes? | 23 |
| What are the two types of gametes called? | egg and sperm |
| How many chromosomes are in the cells after meiosis I ? | 46 |
| How many chromosomes are in the cells after meiosis II ? | 23 |
| What is the difference between the chromosomes in meiosis I and meiosis II | * chromosomes separate in meiosis I * sister chromatids separate in meiosis II |
| What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction? | Genetic diversity, resistance to disease and more parental protection. |
| What is a zygote made up of? | 23 sperm cells and 23 egg cells |
| At what point in development does a zygote become an embryo? | After mitosis and cell division. |
| At what point is an embryo considered a fetus? | After 8 weeks |
| If a body cell in a certain organism has 48 chromosomes how many would be present in a sperm cell or egg cell of the organism? | 24 |
| If a sperm cell in a certain organism has 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be present in a skin cell? | 36 |
| How is gamete formation in males different from gamete formation in females? | * Male - Sperm ( 4 sperm cells produced) *Female - Egg ( 1 egg cell & 3 polar bodies) |
| What us artificial insemination?(AI) | When sperm is collected from a male and is injected into a female. |
| What is Gamete Intra-fallopian Transfer? (GIFT) | A mixture of sperm and eggs is placed in the fallopian tubes of a female |
| What is Invitro Fertilization (IVF) | Fertilization takes place in a petri dish. |
| What is Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection ( ICSI) | A single sperm is injected into an egg cell. |
| What are the biological hierarchy levels? | 1) atomic 2)molecular. 3)cellular tissue 4) organ 5) organism group 6) population. 7) community 8) ecosystems 9) biosphere |
| What are the components of an ecosystem? . | Biotic and Abiotic factors |
| What are two factors that influence biomes? | Temperature and precipitation |
| What are the factors that may increase or decrease/have control over temperature and precipitation? | Latitude and elevation |
| How do we read climatographs and what do they tell us? What does the axis mean? | *left side = precipitation/ right side = temperature x axis (bottom) = month |
| What are three types of adaptations? | structural, physiological, behavioural. |
| What is a habitat? | Where an organism lives. |
| What is a niche? | the role an organism has in an ecosystem |
| What are the 5 basic abiotic interactions? | Oxygen, water, nutrients, light, soil |
| What are the 4 basic types of biotic relationships? | Commensalism,( +,o) mutualism (+,+), parasitism ( +,-), competition (+,-) |
| What are the three layers of the gastrula, from outer to inner. | ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| What does the ectoderm layer of the gastrula develop into? | kidneys, skeleton, muscles, blood vessels and reproductive organs |
| What does the mesoderm layer of the gastrula develop into? | skin and nervous system |
| What does the endoderm layer of the gastrula develop into? | lungs, liver and lining of the digestive system |
| Place the following terms in the correct order: embryo, fertilization, gamete, zygote, blastula, meiosis, gastrula, morula | 1) meiosis 2) gamete. 3) fertilization. 4) zygote. 5) embryo. 6) morula. 7) blastula. 8) gastrula |
| What are the characteristics of the tundra - location, climate, physical features? | *location - upper northern hemisphere, 60-70 degrees N latitude * climate less than 25 cm annual precipitation summer; temp: 3 to 12 C /winter -20 to -30 C physical features - permafrost, cold and dark much of the year but 24 hrs daylight in summer |
| What are the characteristics of the boreal forest - location, climate, physical features? | *location - northern hemisphere 45-65 N latitude in Canada *climate - 30-85 cm annual precipitation; temp below freezing half of the year and often drop to -40 degrees *physical features- rough and wet terrain with marshes, shallow lakes and wetlands |
| What are the characteristics of the temperate deciduous forest - location, climate, physical features? | *location - mainly east Canada, east U.S., east Asia and west Europe * climate 75cm to 180cm annual rain; temp -30 C in winter to 30 C in summer *physical features- large seasonal changes from summer to winter; 4 distinct seasons; long growing season |
| What are the characteristics of the temperate rainforest - location, climate, physical features? | *location - 38-56 S latitude in Chile and 38-61 N latitude in NA * climate - rainfall exceeds 200 cm/year; temp 5-25 C * physical features - temperate rainforest in narrow strip along coastline backed by mountains |
| What are the characteristics of the temperate grassland - location, climate, physical features? | *location - prairies - above 23 .5 N lat and below 23.5 S latitude in N. A. and Europe *climate - 25-100 cm rain annually; summers 30 C/winters -10 C * physical features - flat land, very rich and fertile soil, extended dry period |
| What are the characteristics of the tropical grassland - location, climate, physical features? | *location 5-20 N and S of equator in Africa and S. America *climate 50 - 130 cm rain annually daily temp 20-30 C *physical features - flat land, extended dry period, grass fires common |
| What are the characteristics of the tropical rainforest - location, climate, physical features? | *location - band 4800 km wide around the equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn *climate 250 cm rainfall annually; temp 20-25 C year round * physical features - poor soil because of heavy rain; dark forest floor limits plant growth |
| What are the characteristics of the desert (hot and cold) - location, climate, physical features? | *location - hot deserts 30 N - 30 S lat; cold deserts dry regions interior of continents above 30 N and below 30 S lat *climate - both types less than 25mm rainfall annually; hot desert 38 C day/7 C night; cold desert summer 21-26 C/ winter -2 to 4 C |
| What are the characteristics permanent ice (polar ice) - location, climate, physical features? | *location - polar land masses and polar ice caps of Arctic, Greenland and Antarctica *climate - precipitation less than 50cm, mostly snow; avg arctic winter -30 C/antarctic summer -30 to 9C/arctic summer 3-14 C features - strong winds, little soil |
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