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Unit 4
AP Biology Unit 4 Vocabulary - Maldonado
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Target Cell | A cell that is acted on selectively by a specific agent |
| Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one |
| Phosphorylation | The biochemical process that involves the addition of phosphate to an organic compound |
| Receptor Protein | Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane meant to recognize and bind to specific substances outside of the cell |
| Secondary Messenger | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor |
| Signal Amplification | The use of specific detection methods to directly increase the signal in proportion to the amount of target in the reaction |
| Signal Transduction | The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response |
| Response | The change in a specific cellular activity brought about by a transduced signal from outside the cell |
| Feedback | A response within a system that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system; it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction |
| Negative Feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process |
| Positive Feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process |
| Asexual Reproduction | The generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts); the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
| Cell Cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two |
| Interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing; during this time, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase; accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle |
| Mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Cancer | A cell that grows out of control; unlike normal cells, these cells ignore signals to stop dividing, to specialize, or to die and be shred |
| Cyclin | A cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle. |
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