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BIOLOGY UNIT 2

8. The kidney, excretion and osmoregulation

QuestionAnswer
Many of the metabolic reactions occurring in the body produce unwanted substances. Some of these are toxic (poisonous)
excretion The removal from the body of these unwanted products of metabolism
2 excretory products formed much greater quantities than the others in our bodies -carbon dioxide -urea
Carbon dioxide is produced continuously by almost every cell in the body, by the reactions of aerobic respiration
The waste carbon dioxide is transported from the respiring cells to the lungs, in the bloodstream. It diffuses from the blood into the alveoli of the lungs, and is excreted in the air that we breathe out
Urea is produced in only one organ the liver
urea is formed from excess amino acids
urea is transported from the liver to the kidneys, in solution in blood plasma for disposal
The kidneys remove urea from the blood and excrete it, dissolved in water, as urine
The human body is unable to store any excess protein that we eat. As many of us eat much more protein than we need, something needs to be done with the excess. This happens in the liver, and it is called deamination
Deamination the removal of an amino group from an amino acid
what happens in deamination In deamination, excess amino acids (from excess protein) are broken down. The amino group is removed, and forms ammonia, NH3 . The rest of the amino acid forms a keto acid, which can be respired to release energy or converted to fat to be stored.
Ornithine cycle A series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia to urea
why cant Ammonia remain in the body Ammonia is very soluble and very toxic, so it cannot be allowed to remain in the body
ornithine is an amino acid, but not one that is used in making proteins
the ornithine cycle requires input of energy in the form of ATP
Created by: 868TOYA
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