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Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice or gravity
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Breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth's surface
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Chapter 7 Test
Weathering and Soil Formation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice or gravity | erosion |
| Breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth's surface | weathering |
| Types of Weathering | mechanical and chemical |
| The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces | mechanical weathering |
| List the forces of mechanical weathering | freezing, thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, action of animals |
| Grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind or gravity | abrasion |
| Water seeps into cracks, ice widens deepens cracks, ice widens cracks, cracks expand with repeated thawing | the cycle for ice wedging |
| The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes is | chemical weathering |
| List the agents of chemical weathering | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain |
| True or false? Chemical weathering produces rock particles with the same mineral makeup as the rock they came from | false |
| In chemical weathering what causes iron to rust? | oxygen |
| In chemical weathering what is caused by pollution? | acid rain |
| In chemical weathering what is the most important agent? | water |
| In chemical weathering what does carbonic acid form from? | carbon dioxide |
| In chemical weathering, lichens are one example of what? | living organisms |
| True or False? Water weathers rock by dissolving it. | true |
| Oxygen weathers rock through a process called | oxidation |
| List two kinds of rock that are easily weathered by carbonic acid | marble and limestone |
| How do plants dissolve rock? | as plant roots grow, they produce weak acids that slowly dissolve rock |
| The most important factors that determine the rate of weathering are | type of rock and climate |
| True or False? The minerals that make up a rock determine how fast it weathers. | true |
| A rock that is full of tiny, connected air spaces is said to be | permeable |
| Why does a permeable rock weather chemically at a fast rate? | as water seeps through the spaces in the rock, it removes dissolved material formed by weathering |
| Why does chemical weathering occur more quickly in a hot climate? | chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures |
| The loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow is | soil |
| How does soil form? | rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface |
| The solid layer of rock beneath the soil is called | bedrock |
| What two factors determine the type of rock particles and minerals in any given soil? | the bedrock was weathered to form the soil and type of weathering. sandsilt clay make up the portion of soil that comes from weathered rock. |
| List three types of weathered rock particles found in soil | clay, sand, and silt |
| The decayed organic material in soil is called | humus |
| List soil particles from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, and clay |
| Soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand and silt is called | loam |
| Match the soil horizon with its makeup | a:Topsoil, b:Subsoil, c:Rock Particles |
| Label each of the soil horizons shown in the three diagrams | c: a: b: |
| True or False about the rate of soil formation. It is faster in areas that are cold. | false |
| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is slower in areas that are dry. | true |
| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is faster with limestone than granite. | true |
| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is unaffected by the type of rock being weathered. | false |
| How do soil organisms improve soil? | they mix the soil and make spaces in them for air and water. other soil organisms make humus, the material that makes soil fertile |
| T or F? Animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus. | false |
| As plants hsed leaves, they form a loose layer called | litter |
| Soil organisms that turn dead organic matter into humus are called | decompositors |
| List the main soil decomposers | fungi, protists, worms, bacteria |
| What are examples of fungi? | molds and mushrooms |
| T or F? Earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other materials in soil. | true |
| How can burrowing mammals improve soil? | they add nitrogen to soil when they exert waste and break up hard compacted soil and mix humus through it by aerating it |
| The thick mass of tough roots at the surface of the soil is called | sod |
| In the world, prairie soils are the most what type of soil? | fertile |
| Why is soil one of Earth's most valuable resources? | because everything that lives on land depends directly or indirectly on soil |
| T or F? Soil is a nonrenewable resource | false |
| T or F? Soil formation takes a long time | true |
| T or F? Fertile soil is plentiful | false |
| T or F? Half of Earth has soils good for farming | false |
| Four reasons why farming is difficult in many areas on Earth | steep slopes, low soil fertility, lack of water, short growing season |
| How can soil be damaged? | can be exhausted and lose fertility |
| How can soil be lost? | erosion by wind and water |
| Parts of Oklahoma and surrounding states that lost soil in the 1930's were called the | dust bowl |
| As you go east to west on the Great Plains, the amount of rainfall increases or decreases steadily? | decreases |
| Why did the Dust Bowl occur? | plowing removed the grass from the Great Plains and exposed the soil, in times of drought, topsoil quickly dried and turned to dust and blew away |
| Where did the soil lost from the Dust Bowl end up? | in the Atlantic Ocean |
| In the southern Plains states, the drought and topsoil loss lasted until when? | 1938 |
| The management of soil to prevent its destruction is referred to as | soil conservation |
| What two ways are there to conserve soil? | contour plowing and conservation plowing |
| The practice of plowing fields along the curve of a slope is called | contour plowing |
| A method of farming that disturbs the soil and its plant cover as little as possible is called | conservation plowing |
| Process of moving fragments of rock and soil | erosion |
| Solid layer of rock beneath soil | bedrock |
| Thick mass of grass roots and soil | sod |
| Grinding away of rock by rock particles | abrasion |
| Loose layer of dead plant material on the soil surface | litter |
| Organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms | decomposers |
| Organic material in soil | humus |
| Processes that break down rock at Earth's surface | weathering |
| Topmost layer of soil | topsoil |
| Soil with about equal parts of clay, sand and silt | loam |
| Layer of soil beneath the topsoid | subsoil |
| Loose, weathered material in which plants can grow | soil |
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