Weathering and Soil Formation
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| Movement of rock particles by wind, water, ice or gravity | erosion
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| Breaking down of rock and other substances at Earth's surface | weathering
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| Types of Weathering | mechanical and chemical
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| The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces | mechanical weathering
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| List the forces of mechanical weathering | freezing, thawing, release of pressure, growth of plants, action of animals
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| Grinding away of rock by rock particles carried by water, ice, wind or gravity | abrasion
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| Water seeps into cracks, ice widens deepens cracks, ice widens cracks, cracks expand with repeated thawing | the cycle for ice wedging
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| The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes is | chemical weathering
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| List the agents of chemical weathering | water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, acid rain
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| True or false? Chemical weathering produces rock particles with the same mineral makeup as the rock they came from | false
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| In chemical weathering what causes iron to rust? | oxygen
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| In chemical weathering what is caused by pollution? | acid rain
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| In chemical weathering what is the most important agent? | water
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| In chemical weathering what does carbonic acid form from? | carbon dioxide
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| In chemical weathering, lichens are one example of what? | living organisms
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| True or False? Water weathers rock by dissolving it. | true
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| Oxygen weathers rock through a process called | oxidation
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| List two kinds of rock that are easily weathered by carbonic acid | marble and limestone
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| How do plants dissolve rock? | as plant roots grow, they produce weak acids that slowly dissolve rock
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| The most important factors that determine the rate of weathering are | type of rock and climate
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| True or False? The minerals that make up a rock determine how fast it weathers. | true
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| A rock that is full of tiny, connected air spaces is said to be | permeable
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| Why does a permeable rock weather chemically at a fast rate? | as water seeps through the spaces in the rock, it removes dissolved material formed by weathering
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| Why does chemical weathering occur more quickly in a hot climate? | chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures
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| The loose, weathered material on Earth's surface in which plants can grow is | soil
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| How does soil form? | rock is broken down by weathering and mixes with other materials on the surface
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| The solid layer of rock beneath the soil is called | bedrock
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| What two factors determine the type of rock particles and minerals in any given soil? | the bedrock was weathered to form the soil and type of weathering. sandsilt clay make up the portion of soil that comes from weathered rock.
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| List three types of weathered rock particles found in soil | clay, sand, and silt
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| The decayed organic material in soil is called | humus
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| List soil particles from largest to smallest | gravel, sand, silt, and clay
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| Soil that is made up of about equal parts of clay, sand and silt is called | loam
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| Match the soil horizon with its makeup | a:Topsoil, b:Subsoil, c:Rock Particles
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| Label each of the soil horizons shown in the three diagrams | c: a: b:
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| True or False about the rate of soil formation. It is faster in areas that are cold. | false
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| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is slower in areas that are dry. | true
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| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is faster with limestone than granite. | true
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| T or F about the rate of soil formation. It is unaffected by the type of rock being weathered. | false
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| How do soil organisms improve soil? | they mix the soil and make spaces in them for air and water. other soil organisms make humus, the material that makes soil fertile
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| T or F? Animals contribute most of the organic remains that form humus. | false
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| As plants hsed leaves, they form a loose layer called | litter
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| Soil organisms that turn dead organic matter into humus are called | decompositors
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| List the main soil decomposers | fungi, protists, worms, bacteria
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| What are examples of fungi? | molds and mushrooms
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| T or F? Earthworms do most of the work of mixing humus with other materials in soil. | true
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| How can burrowing mammals improve soil? | they add nitrogen to soil when they exert waste and break up hard compacted soil and mix humus through it by aerating it
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| The thick mass of tough roots at the surface of the soil is called | sod
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| In the world, prairie soils are the most what type of soil? | fertile
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| Why is soil one of Earth's most valuable resources? | because everything that lives on land depends directly or indirectly on soil
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| T or F? Soil is a nonrenewable resource | false
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| T or F? Soil formation takes a long time | true
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| T or F? Fertile soil is plentiful | false
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| T or F? Half of Earth has soils good for farming | false
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| Four reasons why farming is difficult in many areas on Earth | steep slopes, low soil fertility, lack of water, short growing season
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| How can soil be damaged? | can be exhausted and lose fertility
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| How can soil be lost? | erosion by wind and water
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| Parts of Oklahoma and surrounding states that lost soil in the 1930's were called the | dust bowl
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| As you go east to west on the Great Plains, the amount of rainfall increases or decreases steadily? | decreases
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| Why did the Dust Bowl occur? | plowing removed the grass from the Great Plains and exposed the soil, in times of drought, topsoil quickly dried and turned to dust and blew away
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| Where did the soil lost from the Dust Bowl end up? | in the Atlantic Ocean
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| In the southern Plains states, the drought and topsoil loss lasted until when? | 1938
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| The management of soil to prevent its destruction is referred to as | soil conservation
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| What two ways are there to conserve soil? | contour plowing and conservation plowing
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| The practice of plowing fields along the curve of a slope is called | contour plowing
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| A method of farming that disturbs the soil and its plant cover as little as possible is called | conservation plowing
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| Process of moving fragments of rock and soil | erosion
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| Solid layer of rock beneath soil | bedrock
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| Thick mass of grass roots and soil | sod
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| Grinding away of rock by rock particles | abrasion
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| Loose layer of dead plant material on the soil surface | litter
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| Organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms | decomposers
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| Organic material in soil | humus
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| Processes that break down rock at Earth's surface | weathering
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| Topmost layer of soil | topsoil
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| Soil with about equal parts of clay, sand and silt | loam
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| Layer of soil beneath the topsoid | subsoil
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| Loose, weathered material in which plants can grow | soil
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