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SB5
Pearson GCSE Separate Science Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which cell structure is found in plant and animal cells but not in bacterial cells? | (nucleus) |
| Give one example of a disease that can be caught from another person. | (any communicable/infectious disease, e.g. flu or a cold) |
| Give an example of a disease that is not passed from person to person. | (any non-communicable disease, e.g. cancer, diabetes) |
| Name a type of organism that can cause disease. | (any one from: bacterium, virus, protist, fungus) |
| Suggest one way in which infectious diseases are spread. | (any suitable method, e.g. by sneezing, in air, in water, by touching faeces) |
| What might a doctor give to someone who has a bacterial disease? | (antibiotic) |
| Give one symptom of flu. | (any one from: high temperature/fever, aches, runny nose, sore throat) |
| What does the immune system do? | (protect against infection) |
| Which term describes bacteria that are not harmed by an antibiotic? | (antibiotic resistant) |
| Describe one thing you can do to stay healthy. | (any suitable answer such as: avoid infection, get regular exercise, eat a good diet, avoid stress) |
| Which term means when part or all of the body is not working properly for a reason other than injury? | (disease) |
| Lung cancer, as a result of smoking, is which kind of disease? | (non-communicable/lifestyle disease) |
| Which kinds of disease do pathogens cause? | (communicable/infectious diseases) |
| What is meant when two factors are correlated? | (they change in a similar way) |
| Give one reason why a person with one disease may be more likely to get another disease. | (anything similar to: first disease damages immune system, first disease damages natural barriers to infection, first disease damages organ system) |
| What is meant by causation? | (a change in something makes something else happen) |
| The WHO definition of health includes physical well-being. Give an example of physical well-being. | (anything similar to: absence of disease, healthy diet, sleeping well, regular activity, limiting the intake of harmful substances) |
| Give an example of social well-being. | (anything similar to: how well you get on with people, how your surroundings affect you) |
| Give an example of mental well-being. | (anything similar to: feeling happy, feeling good about yourself) |
| Scurvy and anaemia are non-communicable diseases. What other sort of disease can they be classified as? | (deficiency diseases/diseases due to poor diet) |
| Is alcoholic liver cirrhosis a communicable or non-communicable disease? | (non-communicable) |
| Which type of disease is passed from parent to offspring in their genes? | (genetic disease) |
| What causes malnutrition? | (a poor diet/diet without the right balance of nutrients) |
| What causes a deficiency disease? | (not getting enough of a nutrient from food) |
| Give one example of a deficiency disease. | (any suitable answer such as anaemia, kwashiorkor, scurvy) |
| Give an example of a lifestyle factor that is linked to disease. | (any suitable answer such as diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption) |
| If the amount of alcohol a person drinks increases, how will their risk of liver disease change? | (increase) |
| What is the function of the liver that makes it particularly likely to be damaged by alcohol? | (It breaks down toxic substances including alcohol.) |
| Describe one problem that alcohol consumption causes for society. | (any suitable answer such as cost of treating people with liver disease, loss of working days, increased risk of deaths by drink driving) |
| What is cardiovascular disease? | (disease of the heart and/or circulatory system) |
| Is cardiovascular disease communicable or non-communicable? | (non-communicable) |
| Name two ways of measuring obesity. | (BMI and waist : hip ratio) |
| How does diet affect obesity? | (Eating too much increases mass/obesity.) |
| How does exercise affect obesity? | (More exercise can decrease obesity.) |
| How is obesity correlated with cardiovascular disease? | (Increasing obesity increases the risk of disease.) |
| How is smoking tobacco correlated with cardiovascular disease? | (The more a person smokes, the greater the person’s risk of cardiovascular disease.) |
| Name two different types of treatment for cardiovascular disease. | : bypass surgery or stent surgery; lifelong medication such as to prevent blood clots or reduce blood pressure; lifestyle changes such as giving up smoking, increasing exercise or changing diet) |
| What is a pathogen? | (a microorganism that causes disease in/harms the body) |
| Are diseases caused by pathogens communicable or non-communicable? | (communicable) |
| Which type of pathogen is HIV? | (virus) |
| Which type of pathogen causes malaria? | (protist) |
| Which species is affected by chalara dieback? | (ash trees) |
| Which type of pathogen causes cholera? | (bacterium) |
| Which organ does tuberculosis damage? | (lungs) |
| Which pathogen causes haemorrhagic fever? | (Ebola virus) |
| What are the symptoms of malaria? | (damage to blood and liver, fever) |
| What are the symptoms of infection by Helicobacter? | (stomach ulcers) |
| How can the spread of chalara dieback be reduced or prevented? | (by destroying infected wood) |
| Why does killing mosquitoes help prevent malaria? | (It stops the malaria pathogen being spread.) |
| Which type of pathogen can cause stomach ulcers? | (bacterium, Helicobacter) |
| Which type of pathogen causes Ebola? | (virus) |
| How is Ebola spread? | (contact with infected body fluids) |
| How can the spread of cholera be reduced or prevented? | (avoid drinking infected water/boil or treat water to kill the cholera pathogen) |
| How could the spread of tuberculosis be reduced or prevented? | (by isolating infected people) |
| Which term is used for organisms that spread disease from one host to another? | (vector) |
| Which organism carries the pathogen that causes malaria from one host to another? | (mosquito) |
| How does the malarial pathogen get into its host? | (mosquito sucks human blood) |
| Name one part of a bacterium that is not found in virus particles. | (cell surface membrane/nucleus/cytoplasm, etc.) |
| How do viruses replicate? | (take over replication processes in cells) |
| Which two parts are found in all viruses? | (capsid/protein coat, genetic material) |
| What can be found in all viruses, bacteria, plant cells and animal cells? | (genetic material/genes) |
| Put these in order of size, starting with the largest: bacterium, virus, animal cell. | (animal cell,bacterium, virus) |
| Name one example of a virus. | (any suitable virus, e.g. HIV, flu, measles, Ebola) |
| Why do viruses need to infect cells? | (to make more viruses/replicate) |
| Some viruses have two pathways in their life cycle. In which pathway is the virus’ genetic material inserted into the cell’s genetic material? | (lysogenic) |
| In which pathway are cells damaged or destroyed as new viruses leave them? | (lytic) |
| What is the formula for calculating the cross-sectional area of a cylinder? | (πr2) |
| Which outer layer of leaves and stems can help to keep pathogens out of plant tissues? | (cuticle) |
| Name one medicine used to treat human illness that has been developed from a substance taken from plants. | (any suitable medicine, such as: aspirin, morphine, artemisinin) |
| Which outer layer of leaves is a physical barrier to plant pathogens? | (cuticle) |
| Name a physical barrier that all plant cells have to pathogens. | (cell wall) |
| Name one chemical defence that plants use against pests or pathogens. | (any one suitable, e.g. poison, repellent) |
| Which disease is the plant substance artemisinin used to treat? | (malaria) |
| Name one symptom of disease that the medicine aspirin is used to relieve. | (any one suitable, e.g. reduce fever, soothe aches, painkiller) |
| Which term describes methods used to kill microorganisms on equipment before carrying out experiments with bacteria, fungi or cells? | (aseptic techniques) |
| Which piece of equipment could be used to kill microorganisms on glassware or in growth media? | (autoclave) |
| Describe one way that you could keep unwanted microorganisms out of Petri dishes and culture vials during an experiment. | (keep them covered) |
| What is a visible symptom of chalara ash dieback disease? | (lesions on bark, or crown dieback) |
| Apart from disease, what could cause a plant’s leaves to go yellow? | (any suitable answer involving an environmental cause, such as drought, flooding, too much heat, lack of a nutrient) |
| Which term means using evidence to suggest what is causing infection? | (diagnosis) |
| Name two environmental causes of damage to crop plants. | (any two suitable such as: nutrient deficiency, drought, waterlogging, heat stress, cold, wind) |
| Describe one visible symptom of disease on the leaves of a crop plant. | (any one suitable, such as yellow/non-green leaves, curled leaves, spotted leaves) |
| How could a farmer check if unhealthy leaves on a crop were caused by lack of nitrogen? | (soil nutrient test) |
| Which term means looking at how a disease spreads through a crop over time? | (distribution analysis) |
| Suggest one lab test that might identify the pathogen causing plant disease. | (any one suitable such as: visual identification, genetic analysis) |
| Describe one physical barrier that plants have to infection. | (any one from cuticle, cell wall) |
| Give one example of an STI – sexually transmitted infection. | (any one suitable such as: AIDS/HIV, Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis) |
| Which barrier to infection traps pathogens and dirt in the lungs? | (mucus) |
| Name a chemical defence against infection in the stomach. | (hydrochloric acid) |
| Which barrier to infection covers the body? | (skin) |
| Why does that barrier protect against infection? | (thick/difficult for pathogens to get through) |
| How are trapped pathogens moved out of the lungs? | (movement of cilia) |
| How does the chemical defence in the stomach help to protect against infection? | (It is highly acidic, which kills many pathogens.) |
| Which chemical defence against infection is found in tears and saliva? | (lysozyme) |
| How does this chemical defence protect against infection? | (The enzyme breaks down bacterial cell walls.) |
| How are Chlamydia and HIV transmitted? | (sexually transmitted infections/STIs) |
| Explain one way that the spread of Chlamydia or HIV could be reduced or prevented. | (any answer that indicates prevention of contact with sexual fluids, or infected breast milk to a baby) |
| What usually triggers an immune response? | (presence of pathogen/antigen in body) |
| What name is given to the molecules released into the blood by immune system cells? | (antibodies) |
| Which type of blood cell is important in the immune response? | (white blood cell/lymphocyte) |
| What name is given to the molecules on pathogens that the immune system responds to? | (antigen) |
| Which cells are left in the blood after an infection has been cleared? | (memory lymphocytes) |
| What is the function of the cells left in the blood after infection? | (to protect against further infection by the same pathogen) |
| Does immunity to one pathogen make you immune to other pathogens? | (no [usually]) |
| Give two ways that a secondary response differs from a primary response to an infection. | (faster and much larger production of antibodies) |
| Which name is given to the inactive form of a pathogen used in immunisation? | (vaccine) |
| Why are people immunised against diseases? | (to stop them being ill if they are infected with particular pathogens) |
| Which medicines are used to treat infections caused by bacteria? | (antibiotics) |
| When possible new medicines are being developed, what are they tested on in the first stage of testing? | (cell/tissue cultures) |
| Why can antibiotics help to cure bacterial infections? | (they kill bacteria/inhibit bacterial growth) |
| Why don’t antibiotics have the same effect on human cells as they have on bacteria? | (different structure/processes) |
| Why can antibiotics not be used against viral infections? | (viruses have no cell processes) |
| Name one type of white blood cell that attacks bacteria. | (lymphocyte/phagocyte) |
| What do some white blood cells produce in vast amounts when they come into contact with the antigens of a pathogen? | (antibodies) |
| Given one reason why new medicines are first tested on cell or tissue cultures. | (any one from: to make sure they are safe/get into cells/help diseased cells get better) |
| Which type of organism are the clinical stages of testing carried out on? | (humans/people) |
| Which name is given to the unintended effects of a medicine, some of which may be harmful? | (side effects) |
| Which name is given to large numbers of antibodies produced from a large number of identical cells? | (monoclonal antibodies) |
| Give one example of how large numbers of identical antibodies can be used in diagnosing disease. | (identifying blood clots/cancer cells) |
Created by:
Davenant Foundation School
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