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Sookdeo ES Ch. 5
Evolution and Community Ecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | change over time |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a trait |
| mutation | change in DNA |
| genetic drift | biological evolution that occurs by chance with a different gene pool |
| natural selection | process by which traits that improve an organisms chance of survival are passed on to future generations |
| fitness | describes how reproductively successful an organism is in the environment |
| adaptation | heritable trait that increases an individual's fitness |
| artificial selection | selection conducted under human direction |
| speciation | process by which new species are generated |
| extinction | disappearance of a species from Earth |
| niche | use of resources and functional role in a community |
| tolerance | ability to survive and reproduce under changing environmental conditions |
| competition | when multiple organisms seek the same limited resources such as food , light, water or space |
| competitive exclusion | competition between species often result in a winner and a loser |
| resource partitioning | species divide the resources they use in common |
| predation | one species hunts, capture, kills and consumes an individual of another species |
| coevolution | the process by which two species evolve in response to change in each other |
| parasitism | one organism depends on another which is the host and causes harm to the host |
| symbiosis | a long lasting and physically close relationship where one organism benefit |
| herbivory | animals that feed on plants only |
| mutualism | a relationship in which both species benefits |
| commensalism | relationship in which one species benefit and the other is unaffected |
| primary producer | autotrophs;capture energy from the sun to make food |
| photosynthesis | primary producers use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar |
| chemosynthesis | bacteria use energy stored in bonds of hydrogen sulfide to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar |
| consumer | heterotroph; eat other organisms for energy and nutrients |
| cellular respiration | organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars such as glucose |
| herbivore | plant eaters, primary consumers |
| carnivore | eat other animals; secondary and tertiary consumers |
| omnivore | eat both plant and animals |
| detritivore | eat nonliving organic matter; vultures are a larger example that eats dead bodies and are known as scavengers |
| decomposer | fungi and bacteria that break down nonliving matter |
| trophic level | matter and energy moving through based on the feeding relationship such as primary producer, and primary,secondary and tertiary consumers |
| biomass | total amount of living tissue in a trophic level |
| food chain | linear feeding relationship and energy transfer |
| food web | visual map of the complex feeding relationship and energy flow |
| keystone species | has strong or wide reaching impact on a community |
| succession | a community experiences a predictable change over time |
| primary succession | disturbance that cause a change where there is no soil such as a volcano |
| pioneer species | species that colonize newly exposed land |
| secondary succession | disturbance such as a fire changes a community but does not destroy the soil |
| invasive species | nonnative organism that spreads widely in a community |
Created by:
dsookdeo
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