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Chapter 4
photosythesis and cellular respiration (1st semester, 9th grade)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does ATP consist of? | 1 adrenaline, 1 ribose, and 3 phosphates |
| How does the cell build new ATP molecules? | by attacking a third phosphate to ADP molecules |
| Where does the energy to build a new bond come from? | food that comes into the cell |
| Where does energy come from? | organisms consuming some kind of food |
| What 2 ways of classification do organisms obtain food? | autotrophs and heterotrophs |
| What are autotrophs? | organisms that can make food form carbon dioxide and an energy source like sunlight |
| What is an example of an autotroph that doesn't get energy from the sun? | some underwater bacteria are able to produce food they get from inorganic compounds on seafloor |
| What are heterotrophs? | organisms that can't make food on their own |
| Who do heterotrophs rely on? | autotrophs or other heterotrophs |
| What are examples of heterotrophs? | animals, fungi, and many unicellular organisms |
| What is photosynthesis? | process by which autotrophs turn sunlight into energy usable form |
| What do autotrophs that perform photosynthesis contain? | chemicals called pigments |
| What exactly are pigments? | a molecule that absorbs certain wave lengths of light and reflect others |
| What is a really important pigment in autotrophs? | chlorophyll |
| What exactly is chlorophyll? | photosynthetic pigment that absorbs violet, blue, and red |
| where do autotrophs store pigments in? | in organelles called chloroplasts |
| what is chloroplast? | an organelle that does photosynthesis |
| what are the 3 parts to chloroplast? | thylakoid, grana, and stroma |
| what's thylakoid? | a disc shaped structure that contains all of the pigments necessary for photosynthesis |
| what happens inside the thylakoid? | chlorophyll molecules and other pigments organize into units called photosystems |
| what happens during photosynthesis? | plants take sun and water and carbon dioxide and create sugar and releases oxygen as a byproduct |
| whats the formula for photosynthesis? | 6CO2+6H2O+(light energy)-C6H12O6+6O2 |
| what are the 2 stages in photosynthesis? | light dependent reaction, and Calvin cycle |
| autotrophs convert sugar into ATP and uses that energy to perform what? | life processes like growth and reproduction |
| what else breaks down sugar in order to release energy? | animals |
| what's the process of breaking sugars down to release energy? | cellular respiration |
| what is cellular respiration? | series of chemical reactions which produces ATP |
| what are the 2 types of cellular respiration? | aerobic and anaerobic |
| which of these processes needs oxygen: aerobic and anaerobic? | aerobic- needs oxygen anaerobic- no need for oxygen |
| 3 stages of aerobic respiration are: | glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport |
| what is glycolysis converted into? | pyruvate |
| where does glycolysis process happen? | in the cells cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria |
| how many ATP are produced during glycolysis? | 2 ATP |
| what is energy from NADH and FADH2 transferred into? | ATP |
| what does the electron transport process need? | oxygen |
| how many ATP are produced during the electron transport process? | 32 ATP |
| how many ATP are produced during the aerobic respiration process? | 36 ATP from 1 molecule of sugar |
| what is aerobic respiration? | process that releases energy from food molecules in absence of oxygen |
| where does the process of aerobic respiration happen? | in some unicellular organisms or in some small cells of multicellular organisms (like muscle cells) |
| what does anaerobic respiration use? | fermentation |
| what is fermentation? | process of extracting energy from pyruvate in absence of oxygen |
| what are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration? | alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid |
| during alcoholic fermentation, what are the 2 byproducts? | carbon dioxide and ethanol (alcohol) |
| in lactic acid fermentation, what does the pyruvate convert to? | lactic acid |
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9th grade 1st sem
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