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Chapter 2
chemicals in organisms (1st semester, 9th grade)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| carbohydrates | group of chemicals that include sugars, starches and cellulose |
| sugars | monosaccarides, diasaccharides, polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | one sugar |
| diasaccharides | two sugars |
| polysaccharides | many sugars (glycogen/starch) |
| starch | the way that plants store energy |
| lipids | fats, waxes, phospholipids |
| fats | long term energy storage, insulation |
| waxes | protection against water |
| phospholipids | structural, forms membrane that surrounds cell |
| steroids | structural |
| cellulose | carbohydrate that is structural in plant walls |
| proteins | movement, structure, transport, nutrition, regulation, defense |
| movement | muscle contraction |
| structure | collagen- bones, tendons, cartilage |
| regulation | enzymes |
| transport | hemoglobin helps blood cells transport oxygen |
| nutrition | casein stores amino acids |
| defense | antibodies |
| nucleic acids | dna/rna |
| atoms | fundamental unit of all elements |
| protons | positive charge |
| neutrons | neutral charge |
| electrons | negative charge |
| ion | atom of the same element that has lost or gained and electron |
| isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| radioactive isotopes | an isotope that has an unstable nucleus |
| ionic bonds | the transfer of electrons btwn atoms |
| covalent bonds | the sharing of electrons btwn atoms |
| chemical reactions | one or more substances are changed into a new substance |
| speeds up reactions | heat and a catalyst |
| enzymes | protein catalyst |
| metabolism | combination of all chemical changes in an organism |
| homeostasis | when an organism maintains stable internal conditions |
| solutions | solute, solvent |
| solute | substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solvent | the dissolving substance |
| hydrogen bonds | weak chemical bonds btwn hydrogen and other atoms |
| cohesion | water molecules cling to eachother through hydrogen bonds |
| expantions | makes frozen water less dense and then ice freezes |
| element | smallest particle that can't be broken down |
| compound | group of elements |
| acid | compound that releases hydrogen |
| base | compound that releases hydroxide |
| salt | compound that doesn't release either hydrogen and hydroxide |
| PH scale | measurement of the concentration of the hydrogen ions present in a solution |
| polar molecules | polar, non-polar |
| polar | not shared equally |
| non-polar | shared equally |
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9th grade 1st sem
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