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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atom | The basic unit of a chemical element. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with an identical number of protons. |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms bonded together to form a single chemical entity. |
| Compound | A substance that consists of two or more elements in a unique composition. |
| Atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
| Mass number | An integer equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atomic nucleus. |
| Atomic weight | The total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom. |
| Valence electron | Any of the electrons on the outer shell of the nucleus of an atom. |
| Electron | A stable atomic particle that has a negative charge, the flow of electrons through a substance constitutes electricity. |
| Proton | A positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom and has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1. |
| Neutron | An elementary atomic particle that has no charge and a mass that is approximately the same as that of a proton. |
| Isotope | Various forms of an element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
| Radioisotope | Radioactive isotopes of an element. |
| Electron configuration | The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals |
| Bond | A force of attraction between atoms or ions. |
| Polar bond | A type of covalent bond between two atoms in which electrons are shared unequally. |
| Non-polar bond | A bond between 2 nonmetal atoms that have the same electronegativity and therefore have equal sharing of the bonding electron pair. |
| Hydrogen bond | The electromagnetic attraction created between a partially positively charged hydrogen atom attached to a highly electronegative atom and another nearby electronegative atom. |
| Solvent | A molecule that has the ability to dissolve other molecules, known as solutes. |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute molecules. |
| Solute | A substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a solution. |
| Hydrophobic | A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamic-ally favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents. |
| Hydrophilic | A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one whose interactions with water and other polar substances are more thermodynamic-ally favorable than their interactions with oil or other hydrophobic solvents. |
| Amino acid | An organic molecule that is made up of a basic amino group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is unique to each amino acid. |
| Nucleotide | One of the structural components, or building blocks, of DNA and RNA. |
| Peptide bond | A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water. |
| Lipid | Organic compounds that are fatty acids or derivatives of fatty acids, which are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. |
| Saturated fat | A type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. |
| Saccharide | A monosaccharide sugar or combination of sugars carbohydrate |
| Specific heat (water) | The amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius. |
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