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BHP II exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rhinophyma | - form of rosacea - hypertrophy of sebaceous glands |
| nasopharyngeal angiofibroma | - benign tumor - most common neoplasm of nasopharynx |
| nasopharyngeal carcinoma | - malignant tumor - epstein-barr virus |
| waldeyer's ring | - palatine tonsils - nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - lingual tonsils - tubal tonsils |
| Meniere's Disease | - disease of inner ear - cochlear distention - unilateral --> bilateral hearing loss |
| Warty Papilloma | - seen often in children - due to HPV - multiple nodules on vocal cords |
| achalasia | - increased width of esophogus (except distal) - predisposed to esophogeal carcinoma |
| Barrett's Esophous | - predisposes to adenocarcinoma (3-10%) - metaplasia to goblet cells and tall columnar |
| adenocarcinoma of esophogus | - most frequently seen in lower 1/3 of esophous |
| chronic gastritis | - autoimmune - antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factor - achlorohydria and pernicious anemia - intestinal metaplasia- goblet cells and mucous patterns - predisposes to gastric carcinomas (squamous cell and adenocarcinoma) |
| adenocarcinoma of stomach | - most important cancer of the stomach - causes "linitis plastica" = leather bottle stomach |
| pseudomembranous colitis | - clodistridium difficil over growth - due to use of broad spectrum antibiotics - also presiposed by GI surgery, ischemia and burns |
| Celiac's Disease | - most common malabsorption syndrome in Western World - causes bulky, floating stools due to fat in still not being absorbed in GI - atrophy of villi in small intestine - due to gluten hypersensitivity. |
| Crohn's Disease | - chronic inflammatory bowel disease - dangerous complication: stricture formation --> emergency room - cobblestone appearance, fissured ulcers, node enlargement, skip lesions, non-caseating granulomatous inflammation |
| Large Intestine tumors | - most common place to get tumor - adenomata, carcinoma and hyperplastic polyps |
| adenocarcinoma of LI | - most often found in elderly - starts as adenoma, then becomes carcinoma - genetic susceptibility |
| Gardner's Syndrome | - increase chance of cancer - adenomata in GI - osteomas and soft tissue tumors |
| Peutz-Jegher Syndrome | - polyps in colon (risk of cancer) - pigmentation of skin (perioral macules) |
| Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer | - 90% of gene carriers get this cancer - no signs of polyps prior to cancer onset |
| Colorectal Carcinoma (right vs. left) | right (ascending)- fluid = no obstructoin left (descending)- solid mass = obstruction |
| Left sided colorectal carcinoma | - annular type - napkin ring - causes stenosis - ulcerative bleeding, rolled margins, invasion into wall |
| Dukes Staging | A) not extended B) extended C) bowel involvement D) distant metastisis |
| Meckel's Diverticulum | - persistent part of yoke sac |
| Jaundice | - caused by unconjugated bilirubin (bound to albumin) can't be excreted in urine, builds up in liver |
| councilman bodies | - single dead cell- dead shrunken eosinophilic hepatocyte following apoptosis |
| massive necrosis | - due to acetomenophen ingestion |
| hepatic vein thrombosis | - due to hepatic vein thromis - aka Budd-Chiari Syndrome |
| Viral Hepatitis | Hep A- self- limiting Hep B- predisposes to hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Toxic Liver Disease | - most commonly caused by alcohol (aldehydes!) |
| Reye's Syndrome | - fatty chnage in liver and edematous encephalopathy following use of aspirin (in normal, non-toxic doses). - occurs 3-5 days later - kids - NO jaundice because this is an acute reaction |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma (hepatoma) | - malignant tumor of the liver - associated with Hep B virus infection |
| Gallstones | - most common disease affecting biliary tree - primary constituent is cholesterol; second is bile pigments - predisposes to carcinoma - 80% of gallstones are cholesterol stones |
| Adenocarcinoma of gallbladder | - most common tumor of gallbladder |
| obstructive jaundice | - due to Gallstones & Pancreatic Cancer |
| Diseases of Pancreas | - 80% are due to exocrine pancreas |
| Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis | - reversible - after large meal or alcohol consumption - 50% w/ gallstones |
| Cystic Fibrosis | - disorder of exocrine glands - defect of Chloride Channels - increase Na an Cl in sweat & decrease in H20 and bicarb |
| Carcinoma of Pancreas | - jaundice early sign - courvoisier's sign - trousseau's sign |
| Courvoisier's sign | - jaundice with painless distended englarded gallbladder and no scarring |
| Trousseau's sign | migratory thrombophlebitis (10% of pts) |
| Diabetes | - glucose >200 - fasting glucose > 126 - increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
| ketoacidosis | - in type 1 DM - increased catabolism of fat --> ketone bodies - decreased leukocyte function - Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome |
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson Syndrome | - associated with ketoacidosis - intercappilary nodular glomerulosclerosis w/ HTN and edema --> proteinurea (protein in the pee) |
| Insulinoma | - beta cell tumor - most common - 90% are benign - ages 30-60 - Whipple Triad |
| Whipple Triad | 1. Hypterinsulin & hypoglycemia 2. Altered sensorium (confusion) 3. Increased by fasting or exercize and alleviated by eating |
| Cirrhosis | - leading cause of portal hypertension - decrease levels of Vit K clotting factors |
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peanut3399
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