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Ch 4 and 6
Chaffey College Medical Terminology Course
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four main functions of the skin? | 1. protection 2. regulation 3. sensation 4. secretion |
| What do blood vessels in the skin do to lower body temperature? | Dilate, bringing more blood to the surface for cooling by radiation |
| What do blood vessels in the skin do to raise body temperature? | Constrict, allowing more heat- carrying blood to circulate to the muscles and vital organs |
| The sensory receptors for: | Pain, touch, heat, cold and pressure |
| How is sensory receptors triggered? | Once the information reached the brain |
| What the difference between sweat glands and sebaceous glands? | secrete perspiration or sweat vs secrete oil for lubrication |
| What layer is the subcutaneous layer and what does it contain? | It is the lowest layer that contains arteries, veins, sweat glands and nerves |
| What color are arteries, veins and nerves? | Arteries are blue veins are red and nerves are yellow |
| How do sweat glands appear? | As a small tangle |
| Where is the dermis layer and what does it contain? | The dermis layer sits above the subcutaneous layer and it contains sebaceous glans, arrector pill muscles and hair follicles |
| What layer is the epidermis and what does it contain? | The epidermis is the upper layer of the skin and it contains sensory receptors and hair which grows through this layer |
| The epidermis is divided into the five strata what are the five? | Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and stratum corneum |
| The dermis is composed of two types of tissues | Connective and subcutaneous tissue |
| What does the connective tissue of the dermis contain? | lymphatics, nerves , nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, elastic fibers and hair follicles |
| The dermis contains two layers | Papillary layer (upper) and the reticular layer (lower) |
| Arranged into parallel rows of microscopic structures called papillae that produce ridges that are one's footprints and fingerprints | Papillary layer |
| Composed of what fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels | Reticular layer |
| A thin, threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket | Hair |
| The visible portion of the hair is known as the | Shaft |
| The embedded portion of the hair which is within the follicle is know as the | Root |
| What attaches to the side of each hair follicle | Arrector pili |
| Located on the tips od fingers and toes and are a thick layer of densely packed keratinocytes | Nails |
| Deep layers of the epidermis is called | The nail bed |
| These are horny cell structures of the epidermis and are composed of hard keratin | Fingernails and toenails |
| The visible dense mass of dead keratinized cells that covers the ends of the finger and toes is the | Nail body |
| The nail body is known to cover the | Nail bed |
| An epithelial fold not visible from the surface | Nail root |
| A portion of the epithelial fold that extends over the exposed nail adjacent to the root | Cuticle or Eponychium |
| What give the nail its pink color? | Underlying blood vessels |
| What is the pale, crescent-shaped area of the nail called | The lunula |
| How is the amount of secretion in the sebaceous glands controlled and how does it vary? | By the endocrine system and varies with age, puberty and pregnancy |
| What are the two types of sweat glands? | Eccrine sweat glands and Apocrine sweat glands |
| What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of where they are located? | Eccrine are distributed across most of the body apocrine sweat glands are located in the armpits, around the nipples and in the groin |
| What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands in terms of function? | Eccrine secrete sweat or perspiration to help cool the body apocrine sweat glands secrete fluid containing water, proteins and lipids |
| A rare type of acne in teenage boys, marked by inflamed, tender, ulcerative and crusting lesions of the upper trunk and face | Acne fulminans |
| What are the characteristics of acne fulminans? | Fever, leukocytosis and an elevated sedimentation rate |
| Abnormal skin reaction to sunlight, or more specifically to ultraviolet (UV) rays, it can be acute/sudden or chronic/ongoing and primarily occurs when your immune system reacts to UV rays | Photodermatitis |
| One in five people who develop this condition has a family member with also experienced it, you only have a few patches of hair loss and often experience a spontaneous full recovery without treatment to this day there is no cure | Alopecia Areata |
| Common form of hair loss in both men and women | Androgenetic Alopecia |
| Damages only outer layer of the skin and the burn is painful and red but normally heal in a few days | Superficial partial thickness (first degree) |
| Involves epidermis and upper layer of the dermis, may have sparing of the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands and normally heals within 10-14 days | Partial thickness (second degree) |
| Involves all of the epidermis and dermis, may also involve underlying tissue, the nerve ending is usually destroyed and required skin grafting for recovery | Full thickness (third degree) |
| The extract of the plant (poison ivy) and it can be active for 6 months on surfaces such as clothing | Oleoresin |
| A discolored spot on the skin | Macule or freckle |
| A small, elevated circumscribed lesion of the skin that is filled with pus | Pustule |
| A localized evanescent elevation of the skin that is often accompanied by itching | Wheal |
| An eating or gnawing away of tissue | Erosion or ulcer |
| A solid, circumscribed, elevated area on the skin | Papule |
| A crack like sore or slit that extends through the epidermis into the dermis | Fissure |
| A small fluid-filled sac | Vesicle/ blister |
| A large vesicle is known as a | Bulla |
| What are some cause of skin irregularities? | Sun exposure, skin disorders, aging and heredity |
| List some types of skin irregularities? | Wrinkles, acne scars, pigmentation changes and loss of tone |
| Substances that are generally oil in nature and used for dry skin | Emollients |
| Agents that cause of promote loosening of horny (keratin) layer of the skin | Keratolytics |
| Inhibit the conduction of nerve impulses from sensory nerves and thereby reduce pain and discomfort | Local anesthetic |
| Act to prevent the action of histamine | Anthistamine |
| Agents that prevent or relieve itching | Antipruritic |
| Agents that destroy or stop the growth of microorganisms | Antibiotic |
| Agents that destroy or inhibit the growth of fungi and yeast | Antifungal |
| Agents that combat specific viral diseases | Antiviral |
| Agents used to relieve the swelling, tenderness, redness and pain of inflammation | Anti-inflammatory |
| Agent that prevent or inhibit growth of pathogen | Antiseptic |
| To treat acne vulgaris | Retin-A |
| To treat androgenetic alopecia | Rogaine |
| To temporarily improve glabellar (frown) lines | Botox |
| Test performed to determine whether an individual infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis | Tuberculosis skin test |
| Interferon-gamma release assays test whether the individual is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis | Tuberculosis blood test |
| A suspected allergen that causes redness or swelling at the scratch site within 10 minutes indicates allergy to the substance | Scratch or prick test |
| Test performed on sweat to determine the level of chloride concentration on the skin. In cystic fibrosis there is an increase in skin chloride | Skin test |
| Microscopic examination of a small piece of tissue that has been surgically scraped from a pustule to identify the type of viral infection | Tzanck test |
| Performed on wound exudate to determine the presence of microorganisms and to identify the specific type | Wound culture |
| Microscopic examination of a small piece of living tissue obtained surgically through a needle and syringe, hollow punch, brush or stereotactically to distinguish between benign and malignant conditions | Biopsy |
| Blood test to determine the rate red blood cells settle in a long, narrow tube | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| Composed of all the muscles in the body and works in coordination with skeletal and nervous systems | Muscular system |
| What are the three primary functions of muscles? | 1. movement of the body 2. posture and stability 3. produce heat |
| Muscles make up what % of body weight | 42% |
| What are muscles composed of | fiber (long, slender cells) |
| Each muscle consists of a group of fibers held together by what and enclosed in what? | held together by connective tissue and enclosed in a fibrous shealth or fascia |
| Cause movement, help to main posture and produce hear are the primary functions of what? | Muscles |
| Produce various types of body movement through contractility, extensibility and elasticity are the primary functions of what? | Skeletal muscles |
| Produce relatively slow contraction with greater degree of extensibility in the internal organs | Smooth muscles |
| Contraction of the myocardium which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and specialized neuromuscular tissue located within the right atrium | Cardiac muslce |
| Bands of connective tissue that attach muscles to bones | Tendons |
| What does a flex arm contain? | Muscles, tendons and bone |
| What is a muscle cell? | A small fiber inside the muscle |
| What does skeletal muscle consist of? | A group of fibers held together by connective tissue then enclosed in a fibrous sheath (fascia) |
| What does connective tissue surround? | Each muscle cell and muscle bundles |
| A thin layer that surrounds the muscle bundles | Fascia |
| Each fiber within a muscles receives what? | It own nerve impulses and has its own stored supply of glycogen |
| Gycogen is fuel for what | Energy |
| A branched chain of stored glucose | Glycogen |
| Blood and lymphatic vessels in muscle tissue supply what two things to muscles? | Nutrition and oxygen |
| What are the three basic types of muscles | Skeletal, smooth and cardiac |
| Controlled by the conscious part of the brain and attached to the bones, also known as voluntary of striated muscle | Skeletal muscle |
| What appearance does striated muscle have | Cross-striped |
| What is the process of skeletal muscle movement | Contractility, extensibility, excitability and elasticity |
| Muscles and nerves function together as a | Motor unit |
| Skeletal muscle perform in groups and are classified as follows: | 1. anatagonist 2. agonist (primer mover) 3. synergist |
| Muscles have 3 distinguishable parts | the body, the origin and the insertion |
| The body is also know as | The main portion |
| The more fixed attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone is known as | The origin |
| The point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves is known as | The insertion |
| A band of connective tissues that varies in length from less than 1 inch to more than one foot is | A tendon |
| A wide, thin, sheet-like tendon is an | Aponeurosis |
| When an arm is hanging the arm is | Exposed |
| What is the muscle on the outside of the shoulder | Deltoid muscle |
| What is the muscle in the upper chest near the should | Pectoralis major |
| When the arm is relaxed this muscle is in the upper arm | Bicep |
| When the arm is contracted this muscle is in the inner arm | Tricep |
| What is the muscle at the inner elbow | Bicipital fascia |
| What are the muscles near the wrist | Flexors of the hand and wrist |
| Not controlled by the conscious part of the brain, under the control of the autonomic nervous system also called involuntary, visceral, or unstriated | Smooth muscle |
| What internal organs include smooth muscle | The digestive, respiratory and urinary tract |
| Muscle of the heart (myocardium) it is involuntary but striated in appearance | Cardiac Muscle |
| What type of specialized tissue is located within the right atrium of the heart | Neuromuscular tissue |
| Contraction can occure even without an initial nervous input because of what type of cells | Pacemaker cells |
| What do cardiac muscle cells rely on to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products such as carbon dioxide | Ample blood supply |
| What type of movements are muscle responsible for | Locomotion, propulsion and changes in the size openings |
| When chemical energy is changed into mechanical energy | Locomotion |
| Circulation and digestion are example of substances through tubes which is what type of movement | Propulsion |
| Fibromyalgia syndrome is a chronic condition causing what symptoms | Pain, stiffness and tenderness of the muscles, tendons and joints |
| What are some characteristics of fibromyalgia syndrome | Restless sleep, tiredness, fatigue, anxiety, depression and disturbance in the bowel functions |
| A group of genetic disorders that result in muscle weakness over time | Muscular dystrophy |
| What are two general facts of muscular dystrophy | Can affect people of all ages and no specific treatment exists for any of the forms of MD |
| What are some treatments that help improve the quality of life for those with a form of muscular dystrophy | Physical therapy, orthopedic appliances and corrective orthopedic surgery |
| Body erect, heading facing forward, arms by the sides with palms to the front | Anatomical position |
| On back with lower extremities flexed and rotated outward; used in application of obstetric forceps, vaginal and rectal examination and bimanual palpation | Dorsal recument position |
| Head of the bed or examining table is raised about 18 inches or 46 cm; patient is in a semi-upright sitting position with knees wither bent or straight | Fowler |
| On knees, thighs upright, head and upper part of chest resting on bed or examining table, arms crossed and above head; used in sigmoidoscopy, displacement of prolapsed uterus, rectal exams and flushing of intestinal cancal | Knee-chest |
| On back with lower extremities flexed and feet placed in stirrups; used in vaginal examinations, pap smear, vaginal operations and diagnosis and treatment diseases of the urethra and bladder | Lithotomy |
| Sitting upright or erect, used for patients with dyspnea, shortness of breath | Orthopneic |
| Lying face downward, used in examination of the back, injections and massage | Prone |
| Lying on left side, right knee and thigh flexed well up above left leg that is slightly flexed, left arm behind the body and right arm forward, flexed at the elbow; used in examination of the rectum, sigmoidoscopy and enema | Sims |
| Lying flat on back with face upward and arms at the sides, used in examining the head, neck, chest, abdomen and extremities and in assessing vital signs | Supine |
| Body supine on a bed or examining table that is tilted at about 45 degrees angle with the head lower than the feet | Trendelenburg |
| Relax and reduce tension in muscles | Skeletal muscle relaxants |
| Test performs on serum that measures ALD enzyme present in skeletal and heart muscle | Aldolase blood test |
| Test performed on serum to determine levels of calcium | Calcium blood test |
| Blood test to determine the level of CK | Creatine kinase |
| Test to measure electrical activity across muscle membranes by means of electrodes attached to a needle that is inserted into the muscle | Electromyography |
| Blood test to determine the level of LDH enzyme | Lactic dehyrogenase |
| Surgical removal of a small piece of muscle tissue for examindation | Muscle biopsy |
| What the the two types of biopsy | Needle biopsy and open biopsy |
| Blood test to determine the level of AST enzyme, which is increased in skeletal muscle and damage and MD | Aspartate Aminotransferase |
| Blood test to determine the level of ALT enzyme which is increased in skeletal muscle damage | Alanine Aminotransferase |
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