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Gen. Bio II - Evo.
General Biology II - Evolution of Populations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the smallest unit of evolution are | populations |
| the impact of natural selection is only apparent in populations____________________ | over time |
| microevolution is | the change in allele frequencies in a population over generations |
| what are three mechanisms of microevolution | 1) natural selection, 2) genetic drift, 3) gene flow |
| just a few years after Darwin published his essay, Gregor Mendel started studying ______________ | peas |
| who set the stage to understanding genes and genetic variation | Gregory Mendel |
| evolution would be impossible without ______________________________ | genetic variation |
| individuals within species vary in specific characteristics , is an example of what? | genetic variation leads to variations in specific characteristis |
| genetic variations are often reflected by ___________________ | phenotypic variations |
| name the four sources of genetic variation | 1) formation of new alleles, 2) altering gene number or position, 3) rapid reproduction, 4) sexual reproduction |
| new alleles are formed by _________________ | mutations |
| a mutation is a change in ___________________ sequence of an organisms DNA | nucleotide sequences |
| (high/slow) reproduction rates have lower mutation rates | high mutation rates = lower mutation rates |
| _____________________ results in unique combinations of alleles | sexual reproduction |
| what kind of reproduction allows the shuffling of existing alleles | sexual reproduction involves shuffling of existing alleles |
| what is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, interbreeding, and producing fertile offspring | population is the group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, interbreeding, and producing fertile offspring |
| what is a gene pool | all copies of every type of allel at every loci in all member of the population |
| in Hardy-Weinberg what does "p" represent | the frequency of the dominant allele |
| in Hardy-Weinberg what is the frequency of the recessive allel | q |
| the Hardy-Weinberg represents populations that (are/are not) evolving | Hardy-Weinberg represents populations that ARE NOT evolving |
| name the five conditions that need to exist for the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | 1) No Mutations, 2) Random Mating, 3) no natural selection, 4) extremely large population size, 5) no gene flow. |
| what is the medical application for the Hardy-Weinberg equation | medicine- determining what percentage of the population is carrying an allele for inherited diseases |
| what three things disrupt the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | 1) genetic drift, 2) natural selection, 3) gene flow |
| why is genetic drift not ideal fro the hardy-weinberg equilibrium | genetic drift causes allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably, one generation to the next |
| genetic drift has the greatest effect on (small/large) populations | small populations |
| what two type of genetic drifts can have significant impact on populations | 1) founders effect, 2) bottleneck effect |
| the ____________________ effect is the isolation of a few individuals from larger population, that lease to establishment of a new population (like colonization) | founders effect |
| describe the bottleneck effect | a suddentenvironmental change that leads to the drastic reduction of population size (like Noah's Flood) |
| what could lead to higher frequency of certain inherited disorders and lower levels of genetic variation over a long period of time | genetic drift |
| what is the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | gene flow |
| what is relative fitness | the contributions that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of others. |
| natural selection acts more on (genotype/phenotype) | phenotype. |
| name the three ways in which natural selection can alter frequency distributions in populations | directional selection, disruptive selection, stabilizing selection |
| (directiona/disruptive/stabilizing) selection occurs when the phenotype favors one extreme over middle of the road | directional |
| as a result of the directional shift, what happens to the bell curve | bell curve moves to one side or the other |
| disruptive selection favors what phenotypes | disruptive selection favors the phenotype at both extremes |
| disruptive selection is also known as _________________ selection | diversifying |
| birth weights is an example of _________________ selection | stabilizing |
| what is stabilizing selection | when natural selection favors only the middle |
| ___________________ leads to a "good match" between organisms and its environment | natural selection |
| ____________________ leads to sexual dimorphism | sexual selection |
| what is sexual selection | individuals with certain inherited traits more likely to obtain mates |
| what is sexual dimorphism | the difference of secondary sexual characteristics between males and females |
| name the two types of sexual selection | 1) intrasexual selection, 2) intersexual selection |
| what is intrasexual selection | when same sex individuals in the populations compete for the opposite sex (usually occurs with males) |
| what is intersexual selection | when one sex chooses the mate of the opposite sex |
| carriers of sickle cell anemia, do not get Malaria, this is an example of what | heterozygote advantage |
| what is heterozygote advantage | when the heterozygote has greater advantage than homozygotes |
| frequency - dependent selection is | when the fitness of the phenotype depends on how common it is in population |
| evolution is limited by | historical constraints ; each species descends with modification from ancestral forms |
| adaptations often comes with _________________________. example, structural reinforcements are compromised for agility (increased agility can also be more prone to sprains, torn ligaments, and dislocations) | compromises |
Created by:
kandriot
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