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TEAS-Science
Biological Macro molecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Humans are made of cells, and these cells are made of water, some small molecules, ions, and specialized structures called | Macromolecules |
| The human body is mostly water, about "BLANK" percent by weight. | 70% |
| The small molecules are mostly of four types:"BLANK", "BLANK", "BLANK" and "BLANK" | Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides |
| The rest of the body—about "BLANK" percent —is macromolecules. | 25% |
| There are three classes of Macromolecules: "BLANK", "BLANK" and "BLANK" | Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| Every macromolecule is a "BLANK" built by linking together small subunits | Polymer |
| The subunits are called "BLANK" and each type of the three macromolecules is made from a specific class of "BLANK" | Monomers |
| Monomers | Macromolecules |
| Sugars | Polysaccharides |
| Amino acids | Proteins |
| Nucleotides | Nucleic Acid |
| The bond that holds one sugar to the next is a "BLANK" bond | Covalent |
| Forming a covalent bond in a macromolecule requires an input of energy, which usually comes from the removal of a"BLANK" or a similar high-energy molecule | Phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
| High energy molecule drives a water molecule from two "BLANK" , enabling the covalent bond to from. | Adjacent sugar molecules |
| Forming a covalent bond by displacing a water molecule is called a"BLANK" , also called a "BLANK" | Dehydration reaction, Condensation reaction |
| "BLANK" serve as the sensors, transporters, regulators, builders, information warehouses, energy storehouses, and structural components of cells and bodies | Macro molecules |
| The function of a macromolecule is dependent on its "BLANK" | Three-dimensional shape. |
| Hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are examples of | Noncovalent bonds. |
| Individual noncovalent bonds are "BLANK" enough to form spontaneously, but also break easily. | Weak |
| The remarkable thing about macromolecules is that dozens, sometimes hundreds or thousands, of noncovalent bonds form at the "BLANK" | Same time. |
| Like a zipper firmly holds a coat closed, these noncovalent bonds work together to give macromolecules "BLANK", "BLANK" and "BLANK" | Shape, structure, and function. |
| Polysaccharides and sugars are better known as | Carbohydrates |
| The analogous energy storehouse in animals (including humans) is | Glycogen. |
| "BLANK"and "BLANK" are polymers made of glucose. | Starch and glycogen |
| One way that we get the energy we need is to break down stored "BLANK" into "BLANK" which is then used by our cells to make ATP. | Glycogen into glucose |
| The chemical reaction that converts a polymer of glycogen into monomers of glucose is called a "BLANK" , because molecules of water (hydro) lyse the covalent bonds. | Hydrolysis reaction |
| Hydrolysis is essentially the opposite of a "BLANK" reaction. | Dehydration |
| "BLANK" and "BLANK" are two of the most abundant molecules on Earth. Each is a "BLANK" that is used to provide a support skeleton to certain animals or plants, respectively. | Chitin and cellulose, polysaccharide |
| But every protein is built from the same raw materials—20 kinds of "BLANK" | Amino acids. |
| The amino acids are linked together by a "BLANK" reaction to form a covalent bond that is called a "BLANK" | Dehydration, peptide bond. |
| Once all of the amino acids in a particular protein are linked together, this polypeptide spontaneously folds into a specific "BLANK" shape. | Three-dimensional |
| The folding process of amino acid is driven by the formation of hundreds of noncovalent bonds. The end result is functional"BLANK"or"BLANK" unit. | Protein |
| Proteins are the workhorses of the "BLANK" | Cell |
| Every chemical reaction in a cell—and there are thousands of them going on all the time—is carried out by an "BLANK" | Enzyme. |
| Every enzyme is a protein that "BLANK" a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy. | Catalyzes (speeds up) |
| DNA and RNA are the two types "BLANK" of found in cells. | Nucleic acids |
| "BLANK" is made of two nucleic acid polymers that wind around each other to form the famous DNA double helix | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
| DNA stores the "BLANK" within a cell. This information is stored in the sequence of bases within a DNA molecule. | Hereditary information |
| Each monomer of RNA is a type of nucleotide, called a "BLANK" , which is made up of a ribose sugar linked on one side to a trio of phosphates and on the other side to a nitrogenous base. | Ribonucleotide |
| RNA molecules are essential for converting the information stored in DNA into "BLANK" | Proteins. |
| Sugars and starches, which the body breaks down, into glucose. | Carbohydrates |
| Fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water. | Lipids |
| A molecule that contains a large number of atoms. | Macromolecules |
| Molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer. | Monomers |
| Long molecules made of nucleotide, DNA and RNA | Nucleic Acids |
| A substance composed of similar units bonded together. | Polymer |
| Molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. | Proteins |
| "BLANK" are sometimes grouped among the macromolecules, but "BLANK" are not polymers. This is because they are not built from monomers joined together via dehydration reactions. | Lipids |
| Lipids are a diverse set of molecules that are grouped together because of how they interact with water. lipids are "BLANK" , meaning they do not dissolve in water. | Hydrophobic |
| Every lipid is made up mostly of "BLANK" and "BLANK" bonds. These types of bonds do not interact with water. | Carbon-carbon and Carbon hydrogen |
| These "BLANK" store five times as much energy as a comparable amount of carbohydrate. | Triglycerides |
| A third class of Lipids is "BLANK" , which includes cholesterol and the hormones testosterone and estrogens. | Steroids |
| Phospholipids and triglycerides are both made from the same components:"BLANK" and "BLANK" . | Fatty acids and Glycerol |
| Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a "BLANK" on one end. | Carboxylic acid |
| Glycerol is a type of "BLANK" . | Sugar |
| Some fatty acids are made entirely of "BLANK" between the carbon atoms. Such an arrangement is called a | Single bonds, Saturated fatty acid. |
| Fatty acids that contain a "BLANK" between two of the carbon atoms are called. | Double bond, Unsaturated |
| Lipids that contain "BLANK" fatty acids cannot pack as tightly together, so they melt at lower temperatures than do saturated Lipids. | Unsaturated |
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bonitasoul
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