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Cellular Biology
A&P I - Cellular Mechanisms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _________________ fluid volume makes up a majority of the body weigh | intracellular fluid volume |
| there are two fluid compartments in the human body, What are they | Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid |
| the intracellular and extracellular fluid (are/are not) in osmotic equilibrium but/and have (the same/different) chemical compositions | they are in osmotic equilibrium and have different chemical compositions |
| intracellular makes up ______________ of the total body water volume | 2/3 or 67-68% |
| where is intracellular fluid found | inside the the cells |
| extracellular fluid makes up ____________ of the total body water volume | 1/3 or 32-33% |
| __________________ lies between the circulatory system and the cells | interstitial fluid |
| ______________________ is the fluid matrix of the blood | blood plasma |
| material moving into and out of the ICF must cross the ___________________ | cell membrane |
| in order for substances to move between the plasma and interstitial fluid it must first cross what? | substances must first cross the leaky exchange epithelium of the capillary wall to move from the plasma to the interstitial fluid |
| when lipids are added to water ___________ forms | monolayer |
| Phospholipids rearrange into a bilayer when _____________________ | another layer of water is added |
| what are the two parts of the phospholipid bilayer | hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic fatty-acid tails |
| the _________________ of the phospholipid faces towards the watery environment on both sides | hydrophilic head |
| what part of the phospholipid faces towards the inside of the cell membrane | hydrophobic tail |
| the head of the phospholipid is (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) the fatty-acid tail of the phospholipid is (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) | head - hydrophilic, tail- hydrophobic |
| what aspect of the phospholipid plays a dynamic role in cellular activity | the hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails |
| what makes the cell membrane selectively permeable | the phospholipid bilayer (the difference in polarities between the head and tail on the phospholipid molecule) |
| name four functions of the plasma membrane | creates a physical barrier, regulates exchange, sensitive to the environment, and provides structural support |
| what are some examples of how the plasma membrane might be sensitive | extracellular composition and response to chemical signals |
| how does the plasma membrane provide structural support | the plasma membrane will anchor cells and tissues |
| transport across membranes are either ____________________ or ______________ | passive or active. |
| give two examples of active transport | protein mediated and vesicular transport |
| _______________________ transport can be both active and passive | protein mediated can be both passive and active |
| give some examples of vesicular transport | exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis |
| which type of protein mediated transport uses ATPase | Primary (Direct) active transport |
| which type of protein mediated transport creates a a concentration gradient using ATP | secondary (indirect) active transport |
| name the three types of passive protein mediated diffusion | facilitated diffusion, ion channels, and aquaporin channels |
| what are the two types of passive transport across membranes | protein mediated passive transport and simple diffusion |
| all molecules in the body (are/are not) in constant motion regardless of the presence of a membrane. what kind of energy is this | are. This is kinetic energy. |
| when does motion stop | absolute zero (0 Kelvin) |
| how does a membrane affect the movement in a certain direction | movement in certain directions are limited or changed with the presence of a membrane |
| a molecule will move in a certain direction until | it collides with another molecule |
| when a molecule collides with another molecule what happens to the direction of said molecule | the trajectory (direction) of the molecule will change |
| what does Fick's Law relate to | diffusion rate |
| according to Fick's Law, how is surface area related to diffusion rates | it is proportional to diffusion rate (increase surface area and diffusion rate will also increase) |
| according to Fick's Law, the (higher/lower) the difference in concentration gradients the greater the diffusion rate | the higher the difference in concentration gradients the higher the diffusion rate |
| according to Fick's Law, how does thickness in the respiratory surface affect diffusion rates | thickness of surface is indirectly proportional to diffusion rate (the increased thickness of the barrier, the decreased diffusion rate) |
| ___________________ permeability allows the passage of all substances | freely permeable |
| the plasma membrane of a cell (is/is not) freely permeable | plasma membrane IS NOT freely permeable |
| a plasma membrane is __________________ permeable | plasma membrane is SELECTIVELY permeable |
| a selective permeable membrane will restrict materials based on what? | size, electrical charge, molecular shape, and lipid solubility |
| a _____________ membrane does not allow anything in or our of a cell | impermeable |
| living substances can be impermeable to some substances and _________________ permeable to other substances. This makes it selectively permeable | living substances can be impermeable to some substances and FREELY permeable to other substances |
| (all/some/no) living cell have impermeable membranes | no living cells have impermeable membranes |
| Diffusion uses the ________________ of molecular movement and does not require an outside energy source | kinetic energy |
| during diffusion, molecules move from an area of (high/low) concentration to an area of (high/low) concentration | molecules move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration |
| molecular movement in and out of a cell (does/does not) continue even after equilibrium has been reached | molecular movement in and out of a cell DOES continue even after a cell has been reached |
| what four factors make general diffusion faster | higher difference between concentration gradients, shorter distances, higher temperatures, and smaller molecules |
| with simple diffusion, what helps to increase the general rate of diffusion | larger surface area, thin membrane, larger differences between the two concentration gradients, more permeable to the molecule |
| what does membrane permeability depend on with simple diffusion | the molecule's lipid solubility, the molecule's size, the lipid composition of the membrane |
| what is simple diffusion | the movement of particles through the plasma membrane with no assistance |
| __________________ substances diffuse directly thought the lipid bilayer | non polar (lipid-soluble) molecules diffuse directly thorough the lipid bilayer |
| gases (readily/do not) diffuse through the lipid bilayer | gases READILY Diffuse |
| what types of of membrane proteins are used for protein mediated transport | transmembrane proteins |
| what is a membrane transporter | transmembrane proteins that help move lipophobic molecules across membranes |
| gated channels are part of (channel/carrier) proteins | gated channels are part of channel proteins |
| the ______________________ protein channels open and close in response to a signal | gated channel proteins open in response to a signal |
| __________________________ protein channels form channels that are usually open | open protein channels are usually open |
| name the types of carrier proteins found in a plasma membrane | uniport carriers and cotransporters (Symport Carriers and Antiport carriers) |
| this carrier protein transports only one kind of substrate | uniport carrier |
| the (carrier/channel) protein changes shape to allow a substance into and out of a cell | carrier proteins change shape to allow passage of materials |
| this carrier protein will move two substrates (i.e. Sodium Ion and Glucose) in the same direction across a membrane | symport carriers |
| which carrier protein moves substrates in the opposite direction across a membrane | antiport carrier |
| what substances diffuse in and out of the cell using protein channels | water and other lipid-insoluble molecules |
| protein channels are ____________________ selective | protein channels are highly selective |
| what makes protein channels so selective | diameter, shape, charge and chemical bonds |
| facilitated diffusion is assisted by | large, polar carrier protiens |
| carrier proteins (do/do not) specify for certain polar molecules | carrier proteins DO show specificity for certain polar molecules |
| what dictates the amount of specific polar substances that can enter/exit a cell? | the number of carrier proteins influence the number of substances that can enter/exit the membrane |
| cells in the ___________________ check glucose levels by their own metabolism | pancreas |
| in the pancreas, increased glucose levels lead to an increased _____________ production rate | ATP |
| when does osmosis occur | osmosis occurs when the concentration of water is different on opposite sides of a selectively permeable membrane |
| in order for osmosis to occur, the membrane must be (freely permeable/impermeable) to water | the membrane must be freely permeable for osmosis to occur |
| what is osmolality | one mole is 1 kg molar weight |
| what is osmolarity | on mole per one liter |
| what are two important things that osmolarity expresses about a solution | 1) concentration, 2) number of particles in the solute |
| 1 M of glucose = ____________ osM | 1 M of glucose = 1osM |
| 1 M of NaCl = ______________ osM | 1 M of NaCl = 2 osM |
| ___________________ is the force of a concentration gradient of water | osmotic pressure is a concentration gradient of water |
| osmotic pressure is defined by the (number/size) of the particles in a solution | osmotic pressure is defined by the NUMBER of particles in the solution |
| each particl in a solution exerts (the same mount of pressure/a pressure the ais the proprotional to the size of the substance) | each particle in a solution, regardless of it's mass, exerts the same pressure against the membrane in osmotic pressure |
| ___________ is the comparision between two solutions (separated by a membrane) | tonicity is the comparison between two solutions |
| __________ describes to us how a solution will affect a cell | tonicity |
| what is isotonic | when a solution has the same concentration of the cytosol |
| what is a hypertonic solution | when the solution has a greater concentration than that of the cytosol |
| a ____________________ solution has less solute concentrations then that of the cytosol | hypotonic solution |
| what type of solutes determine tonicity | non penetrating (solutes that are impermeable to a selectively permeable membrane) |
| what three things do you need to know in order to determine tonicity | 1) amount of particles, 2) penetrating/non-penetrating, and 3) how many particles each solute contributes |
| normal saline contains ___________________% of salt | 0.9 % |
| Normal saline has a molarity of __________________ | 150 |
| ____________________________ is when waters and solutes pass through a membrane by hydrostatic pressur | filtration occurs because of hydrostatic pressure |
| in what organ of the body does filtration play a key role in it's function | kidneys |
| how does hydrostatic pressure work | a pressure gradient pushes solute-containing fluid from a higher-pressure area to a lower-pressure area |
| when dealing with hydrostatic pressure, what dictates the types of solutes that pass through the membrane | the size of the pores dictates the size of the substances that may pass through |
| Movement that goes against a concentration gradient must use ________________ | ATP |
| what does active transport use to move substances across a membrane | active transport uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane |
| name two types of transport that use ATP | 1) active transport (via carrier proteins), 2) vesicular transport |
Created by:
kandriot
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