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Bio Cumulative
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O)đť‘› or 1C:2H:1O |
| Proteins | consist of one or more polypeptide chains (and sometimes additions) Denaturing proteins can alter the structure and function |
| Primary structure of proteins | The order of the amino acids in the chain |
| Secondary Structure of Proteins | The strand of amino acids twists to form a helix |
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | The three-dimensional structure formed by the folding of the helix |
| Lipids | Fats, oils, waxes. Most lipids don’t dissolve in water because they are nonpolar |
| where do essential amino acids come from? | our diet |
| Phospholipids | form a double-layered sheet in water – basis for membranes! Molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail |
| Enzymes | Speeds up chemical reactions. Usually splits or joins other molecules (substrates) |
| Glucose | Main product of photosynthesis, an important source of energy in all living cells |
| Sucrose | Disaccharide (type of carbon) 2 linked monosaccharides, Short-term energy storage, Main sugar transported through plants |
| Polysaccharides (type of carbon) | More than 2 monosaccharides linked, Most common organic compound |
| Starch | or long-term storage in plants |
| Cellulose | main structural polymer in plant cell walls |
| Ionic Bond | One atom transfers an electron to another, results in ions, Two ions attract each other, Found in salts, acids and bases |
| Covalent Bond | Atoms share electrons, Stronger than ionic or hydrogen bonds, Don’t dissolve in water, strongest bond |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Bonds that are more covalent (more even) are stronger; bonds that are more ionic (less even) are weaker. Polar molecules result when molecules are asymmetrical |
| Hydrogen Bond | form as a result of attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atoms in polar molecules and negatively charged atoms in other polar molecules. Weak (7 to 10% the strength of covalent bonds), cause both cohesion and adhesion in water |
| Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells both have | Cell wall (in plants and lots of other organisms, but not all), Protoplasm, Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Cytoskeleton |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Nucleus, Organelles |
| Eukaryotes: Nucleus | Nuclear envelope with nuclear pores and DNA |
| Eukaryotes: Internal membranes | Endoplasmic reticulum and others |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | studded with ribosomes |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | secretes lipids |
| Eukaryotes: Organelles include | mitochondria, DNA , Cellular respiration |
| Golgi Apparatus | modifications , packaging into vesicles, delivery |
| Cell walls with cellulose (plant cells) | polysaccharides- mostly cellulose, green algae and plants, cross linked by other molecules |
| Chloroplasts and other plastids (plant cells) | photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts |
| Chromoplast (plant cells) | Synthesis and storage of carotenoid pigments |
| Vacuoles (plant cells) | Water balance and internal pressure, Storage (Sugars, proteins, Pigments, Toxins), Inorganic crystals |
| Alternation of Generations | sporophyte (2n) > sporangium (2n) > meiosis (diploid to haploid) > spore (n) > gametophyte (n) > gamete + gamete (n+n) > fertilization (haploid to diploid) > zygote (2n) > sporophyte (2n) |
| Moss Life Cycle | gametophyte dominant ; sporophyte> capsule >meiosis >spore (n) > spore wall buds > gametophyte developing from bud (n) > antheridium(n) or archegonium (n)> fertilization > zygote in female (2n) > sporophyte begins to sprout -> sporophyte + gametophyte |
| Fern life cycle | sporophyte w sporangium underneath leaf (2n) > meiosis > spores (n) > germination of spores > archegonium on top (n) , antheridium on bottom (n)> fertilization via water > zygote (2n) > sporophyte develops sporophyte is dominant |
| Gymnosperm Life Cycle | sporophyte > pollen cone > microsporangium and megasporangium > meiosis > 4 microspores and megaspore > mitosis > pollen grain and megagametophyte > pollination via wind > fertilization > 2 sperm cells zygotes > one survives > seed > sporophyte |
| Characteristics of Bryophytes (non-vascular plants) | No sophisticated vascular tissue ,(xylem or phloem), Small (limited internal transport , require surface area ,no tough xylem for support) , Soft (no tough xylem), Require external water for sexual reproduction ,Dominant gametophyte |
| Importance of Sphagnum bogs | Unique communities – carnivorous plants! Water filtration, seasonal water storage and flood control |
| Groups of seedless vascular plants | Ferns ,Club moss , Spike moss , Horsetail |
| Advantages of vascular tissues | Sporophytes have vascular tissue; in all vascular plants, the sporophyte is dominant Drier habitats Taller, larger form than nonvascular plants First vascular plants did not produce seeds. |
| Major Characteristics of Gymnosperms | (“naked seed plants”), Produce seeds, but not flowers or fruits ,Seeds are exposed on the surface of modified leaves,Reproductive structures are in strobili or cones, Leaves are modified to bear sporangia, Sporangia contain spores, No ovary |
| Strobili or cones | clusters of modified leaves |
| Four Groups of Gymnosperms | Ginkgos, Cycads, Gnetophytes, Conifers |
| Ginkgos (Phylum Ginkgophyta) | are extinct, except for a single species, Ginkgo biloba Ginkgo biloba may have only been preserved in cultivation No fruits – fleshy seed coat Ginkgo biloba is dioecious (male plants and female plants) |
| Cycads (Phylum Cycadophyta) | are dioecious have some specialized roots with symbiotic cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria provide nitrogen to plants, plants provide stability and resources to cyanobacteria Guam Toxin concentrated in seeds caused neurodegenerative Lytico-bodig disease |
| Apical meristems | Present in all plants responsible for growth in length (primary growth) Tips of roots and shoots – in buds Produces primary meristems protected by buds in stems |
| What are the primary apical meristems ? | Protoderm, Ground Meristem, Procambium |
| Protoderm | develops into dermal tissues |
| Ground meristem | develops into ground tissues |
| Procambium | develops into vascular tissues |
| Lateral meristems | only in woody plants responsible for growth in diameter (secondary growth) cylinders in stems and roots |
| What are the two types of lateral meristems ? | Vascular Cambium, Cork Cambium |
| Vascular cambium | produces vascular tissues (for transport) |
| Cork cambium | produces cork (outer bark) |
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