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Bio Exam II
Mendelian Genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genes | unit of hereditary info |
| alleles | alternative version of genes |
| character | observable hereditary info |
| trait | a variant of a character |
| genotype | genetic makeup; genes/ present alleles |
| phenotype | observable trait; character and trait |
| Gregor Mendel | - 1st to determine basic rules of inheritance in eukaryotes - foundation of genetics - used 32 strains of garden peas to experiment - used quantitative methods in experiment; experimental approach, recorded and documented data |
| True breeding lines | - In self fertilization: offspring is always an exact copy of parent - Mendel performed 2 years of true breeding before starting his experiments - Non self- fertilization example: cross b/w 1 homozygous dominant and 1 homozygous recessive; YYxyy |
| Blending inheritance | PROVED WRONG - hypothesis: gametes have sampling of both parents ex. red flower x white flower = pink flower |
| experimental crosses | mate 2 organisms to see offspring phenotype P1 gen= parents F1 gen= first filial gen F2= second filial gen |
| Prediction behind experimental crosses | - if blending is accurate, F1 phenotype is an immediate blend of P phenotypes |
| Mendel's experiments | - start w/ true breeding lines in P gen b/w opposite phenotypes - Then mate F1 with e/o |
| Observations from Mendel's experiments | - F1: always resemble 1 parent, other is absent - F2: Progeny can be both P phenotypes in 3:1 ratio |
| Mendel's Model | Alternative hypothesis: Particular inheritance - character determined by "heritable factors" called genes - each character is controlled by factors- |
| Components to Mendel's Model 1&2&3 | 1) Alleles: alternative form of genes 2) 2 factors for each character diploid individs. get 2 copies of each gene (mom & dad) may be identical (true breeding) or diff ound on homologous chromosomes (same loci) 3) Dominance dom. allele expressed |
| Components to Mendel's Model 4 | 4) 2 Principals of Heredity Mendel's Law of Segregation - 2 alleles for a character segregate during gamete formation Law of Independent Assortment- genes on diff chromosomes assort independently b/c of random orientation of tetrads in metaphase 1 |
| Importance of independent assortment | - genetic recombination: new outcome of alleles in offspring - 2nd mechanism for increasing genetic variation in sexual reproduction |
| Genetic Crosses | predicts offspring of genotype in genetic crosses everything regards alleles |
| Monohybrid Crosses | -Outcome is Heterozygous for one character; heterozygotes crossed - Genotype ratio 1:2:1 Pheotype ratio: 3:1 |
| True Breeding | - 1 homozygous dom. x 1 homozygous recessive - YY x yy - Frequency of heterozygotes in F1 gen: 100% |
| Using Probability to determine Outcomes | -law of segregation & independent assortment reflect the basic rules of probability - same as flipping a coin or rolling a dice |
| Multiplication rule | - allows for prediction of combined probabilities of independent events ex. flip 2 coins once AND what is the chance of all tails (1/2 x 1/2= 1/4) |
| Addition Rule | - probability of mutually exclusive events ex. flip one coin once, what is the change of getting head OR tail (1/2 + 1/2= 1) |
Created by:
tennadeleta.
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