Question 1

9.1  What two concepts promoted by other scientists influenced Darwin in developing his ideas?

Accepted Answer

Individuals within a species compete with one another in order to survive. The present is the key to the past.

Question 2

9.2 (continued)  Use Darwin's reasoning to explain how natural selection could produce such a creature from a slower animal.

Accepted Answer

Genetic mutations would have allowed changes in the slower animal's speed. If survival required the highest speed at that time then the slower animal would have died out while the faster mutated animal would have lived.

Question 3

9.3  Why is Darwin's hypothesis sometimes called "the survival of the fittest"?

Accepted Answer

Because species mutate and the changes may cause a higher chance of survival for the ones mutated.

Question 4

9.4  House sparrows are small, seed-eating birds that are native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.  In the fall of 1851 and the spring of 1852, one hundred of these birds were brought to Brooklyn, New York.

Accepted Answer

9.4 continued-Since then, they have spread throughout the United States.  Even though the original 100 birds were very similar, their descendants are not.  In fact if you study the size of the house sparrows in the United States, you will find that they

Question 5

9.4 continued- are bigger in the northern parts of the United States and smaller in the southern parts of the United States.  Is this an example of microevolution or macroevolution?  Can you think of what might have caused this difference in size?

Accepted Answer

Microevolution. Natural selection.

Question 6

9.5  Some biologists believe that the whale once had a cowlike ancestor that lived on land.  This ancestor was very heavy, so it started spending a great deal of time in the water.  The water helpedbuoy it up, making it easier for the animal to walk.

Accepted Answer

9.5 continued-As time went on, the animal began adapting to the water, slowly changing its legs into fins and its skin into a substance more ideal for swimming in the water.  Eventually the cow-like creature gave rise to the whale.

Question 7

9.5 continued- Is this an example of microevolution or macroevolution?

Accepted Answer

Macroevolution.

Question 8

9.6  What is the big assumption that must be made in order to interpret the geological column as evidence for macroevolution?

Accepted Answer

That it was formed by the slow accumulation of sediment over eons of time.

Question 9

9.7  Why is the geological column not conclusive evidence for or against macroevolution?

Accepted Answer

Because we aren't certain how it was formed.

Question 10

9.8  If macroevolution really occurred, would you expect to find more fossils of individual species or of intermediate links?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate links.

Question 11

9.9  What features on Archaeopteryx make macroevolutionists think that it is an intermediate link?  What features make creation scientists think that it is not?

Accepted Answer

Hip joint and ankle joint. Wrist and inner ears.

Question 12

9.10  Why do macroevolutionists consider Australopithecus afarensis an intermediate link between man and ape?  Why do creation scientists think that it is not?

Accepted Answer

Because it's hip joint and ankle joint make it more comfortable to stand on two legs, which is a human trait. Because every bone indicates that it is an ape.

Question 13

9.11  What major scientific breakthrough led to structural homology changing from evidence for macroevolution to evidence against it?

Accepted Answer

Mendelian genetics.

Question 14

9.12 (continued) Assuming macroevolution did occur, list these creatures in terms of increasing similarity between their protein and the human protein.

Accepted Answer

Amoeba, fish, frog, rat, human.

Question 15

9.13  Why is the comparison of amino acid sequences in common proteins such a useful tool in determining whether or not macroevolution occurred?

Accepted Answer

Because it shows that the order from simple to complex organisms isn't there.

Question 16

9.14  What is the main difference between Darwin's hypothesis of macroevolution and the neo-Darwinist hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Darwin thought that macroevolution occured only by the normal changes that happened during the reproductive process. Neo-Darwinists think that macroevolution occured by mutation.

Question 17

9.15  What does punctuated equilibrium explain that neo-Darwinism and Darwin's original hypothesis cannot?

Accepted Answer

The jumps in the fossil record.

Question 18

9.16 (continued) Which graph represents Darwin's original hypothesis, which represents neo-Darwinism, and which represents punctuated equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Darwin- Graph A.  Neo-Darwin- Graph B.  Punctuated Equilibrium- Graph C.

Question

Question

Question

Biology OYO

Module 9

Question	Answer
9.1 What two concepts promoted by other scientists influenced Darwin in developing his ideas?	Individuals within a species compete with one another in order to survive. The present is the key to the past.
9.2 The cheetah is the fastest land-dwelling animal on the planet. It has been observed to reach peak speeds in excess of 70 miles per hour! It uses this speed to catch animals that are often too fast to be killed by most other predators.
9.2 (continued) Use Darwin's reasoning to explain how natural selection could produce such a creature from a slower animal.	Genetic mutations would have allowed changes in the slower animal's speed. If survival required the highest speed at that time then the slower animal would have died out while the faster mutated animal would have lived.
9.3 Why is Darwin's hypothesis sometimes called "the survival of the fittest"?	Because species mutate and the changes may cause a higher chance of survival for the ones mutated.
9.4 House sparrows are small, seed-eating birds that are native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. In the fall of 1851 and the spring of 1852, one hundred of these birds were brought to Brooklyn, New York.	9.4 continued-Since then, they have spread throughout the United States. Even though the original 100 birds were very similar, their descendants are not. In fact if you study the size of the house sparrows in the United States, you will find that they
9.4 continued- are bigger in the northern parts of the United States and smaller in the southern parts of the United States. Is this an example of microevolution or macroevolution? Can you think of what might have caused this difference in size?	Microevolution. Natural selection.
9.5 Some biologists believe that the whale once had a cowlike ancestor that lived on land. This ancestor was very heavy, so it started spending a great deal of time in the water. The water helpedbuoy it up, making it easier for the animal to walk.	9.5 continued-As time went on, the animal began adapting to the water, slowly changing its legs into fins and its skin into a substance more ideal for swimming in the water. Eventually the cow-like creature gave rise to the whale.
9.5 continued- Is this an example of microevolution or macroevolution?	Macroevolution.
9.6 What is the big assumption that must be made in order to interpret the geological column as evidence for macroevolution?	That it was formed by the slow accumulation of sediment over eons of time.
9.7 Why is the geological column not conclusive evidence for or against macroevolution?	Because we aren't certain how it was formed.
9.8 If macroevolution really occurred, would you expect to find more fossils of individual species or of intermediate links?	Intermediate links.
9.9 What features on Archaeopteryx make macroevolutionists think that it is an intermediate link? What features make creation scientists think that it is not?	Hip joint and ankle joint. Wrist and inner ears.
9.10 Why do macroevolutionists consider Australopithecus afarensis an intermediate link between man and ape? Why do creation scientists think that it is not?	Because it's hip joint and ankle joint make it more comfortable to stand on two legs, which is a human trait. Because every bone indicates that it is an ape.
9.11 What major scientific breakthrough led to structural homology changing from evidence for macroevolution to evidence against it?	Mendelian genetics.
9.12 A molecular biologist details the amino acid sequences in a common protein for the following creatures: a human, a rat, an amoeba, a fish, and a frog.
9.12 (continued) Assuming macroevolution did occur, list these creatures in terms of increasing similarity between their protein and the human protein.	Amoeba, fish, frog, rat, human.
9.13 Why is the comparison of amino acid sequences in common proteins such a useful tool in determining whether or not macroevolution occurred?	Because it shows that the order from simple to complex organisms isn't there.
9.14 What is the main difference between Darwin's hypothesis of macroevolution and the neo-Darwinist hypothesis?	Darwin thought that macroevolution occured only by the normal changes that happened during the reproductive process. Neo-Darwinists think that macroevolution occured by mutation.
9.15 What does punctuated equilibrium explain that neo-Darwinism and Darwin's original hypothesis cannot?	The jumps in the fossil record.
9.16 The three graphs below are hypothetical graphs that plot macroevolutionary change (on the y-axis) versus time (on the x-axis).
9.16 (continued) Which graph represents Darwin's original hypothesis, which represents neo-Darwinism, and which represents punctuated equilibrium?	Darwin- Graph A. Neo-Darwin- Graph B. Punctuated Equilibrium- Graph C.

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