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Respitory System
Lab Study STACK
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords? | The inferior folds |
| Name the cartiledge that forms the adams apple | thyroid cartiledge |
| Name the cartiledge that creates a "lid" for the larynx | epiglottis |
| Name the cartiledge that is shaped like signet ring | cricoid |
| Name the cartiledge that is a vocal cord attachment | arytenoid |
| Why is the trachea reinforced w/cartilaginous rings? | Prevents its collapse during pressure changes that occur during breathing |
| Why are the rings of the trachea incomplete posteriorly? | To allow a food bolus traveling down the esophagus to bulge anteriorly. |
| What is the function of the pleural membranes? | Produce a serous fluid that reduces frictin during breathng movements and helps to hold the lungs tightly to the thorax wall which keeps the lungs inflated. |
| Name two functions of the nasal cavity mucosa | warms and moistens incoming air |
| Which bronchi is longer? | Left |
| Which bronchi is larger in diameter? | Right |
| Which bronchi is more horizontal? | Left |
| Which bronchi more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respitory passageways? | Right |
| How many lobes do the lungs have? | The left lung has two and the right lung has three. |
| Trace a molecule of Oxygen from the external nares to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs | External Nares -> nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> primary bronchus -> tertiary/secondary bronchi (etc) -> bronchiole -> respiratory bronchiole -> alveolar duct -> alveolar sac -> alveolar/capillary walls-> pulmonary blood |
| Connects the larynx to the primary bronchi | trachea |
| Site of the tonsils | pharynx |
| food passageway posterior to the trachea | esophagus |
| covers the glottis during swallowing of food | epiglottis |
| contains the vocal cords | larynx |
| nerve that activates the diaphragn during inspiration | phrenic nerve |
| pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax | parietal pleura |
| site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood | alveolus |
| connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx | opening of pharyngotympanic tube |
| opening between the vocal folds | glottis |
| increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity | concha |
| separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity | palate |
| What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space? Why? | All but the respiratory zone structures (respitory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and sacs and alveoli) Because no gas exchange occurs except in the respiratory zone, particualry in teh alveoli |
| Define external respiration | The exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane in the lungs |
| Define internal respiration | The exchange of respiratory gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and the tissue cells of the body. |
| Define cellular respiration | Oxygen-using cellular processes (that produce energy) with tissue cells. |
| Does the lung inflate part by part or as a whole, like a balloon? | Part by part |
| What happens when pressure is lost in the lung? | It deflates |
| What type of tissues allow the lung to deflate? | Elastic connective tissue |
| What structural characteristics of the alveoli make them an ideal site for the diffusion of gases? | Thin walls, extremely large surface area |
| Why does oxygen move from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood? | Because the partial pressure of oxygen is greater in the alveoli; therefore, it moves according to the laws of diffusion into the pulmonary blood. |
| Under what internal conditiions does air tend to flow into the lungs? | Thoracis volume is up and pressure is down. |
| Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain. | Thoracic volume is down and pressure is up. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the "container" |
| Activation of the diaphragn and the external intercostal muscles begins the inspiratory process. What effect does contraction of these muscles have on thoracic volume, and how is this accomplished? | Thoracic volume is up. The diaphragn moves inferiory, increasing the superior-inferior dimensin; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior/posterior dimensions. |
| What would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, like a knife wound, but the lungs were not penetrated? | The lung would collapse because the puncture of the pleural space would destroy the partial vacuum. |
| Which of teh respiratory sounds is heard during both inspiration and expiration? | Bronchial |
| Which respiratory sound is heard primarily during insiration? | Vesicular |
| Where is the vesicular respiratory sound most clearly heard? | Over most of the lung area. |
| Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect? | Chronic bronchitis and emplysema (often associated) Chronic bronchitis lowers the volume of air that can be inhaled due to excessive mucus production; emphysema lowers the amount of air that can be exhaled (check-valve effect) |
| Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm? | medulla oblongata and pons |
| Where are the sensory receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure located? | Aortic arch and carotid sinus |
| Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in oxygen levels in the blood located? | Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. |
| What is the primary factor that initiates breathng in a newborn infant? | Raised levels of CO2 in the blood. |
| Blood CO2 level and blood pH are related. When blood CO2 leavels increase, does the pH increase or decrease? Explain why. | Decrease. CO2 combines with H20 to produce carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates and liberates a hydrogen ion (H+) |
| Which, if any measurable respiratory volumes would likely be exaggerated in a person who is cardiovascularly fit? | VC, IRV, ERV, FEV would all be increased. |
| Which, if any, of the measurable respiratory volumes would likely be exaggerated ina person who has smoked a lot for over 20 yrs? | VC, IRV, ERV, FEV would all be REDUCED. |
| What buffer system operates in blood plasma? | Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system. |
| What role does exhalation of carbon dioxide play in maintaining relatively constant blood pH? | CO2 leaves the blood during exhalation. This prevents and accumulation of carbonic acid. |
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