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Bio Lec 2
Bio Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| __________________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis, whereas __________________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products. | Merocrine; holocrine |
| The type of membrane that lines freely movable joints is a _____ membrane. | synovial |
| A thin layer of tissue that covers an organ or lines a cavity is a | membrane. |
| A thick, sticky secretion produced by goblet cells is called | mucus. |
| The secretions of endocrine glands are released directly | into the bloodstream. |
| Unlike an exocrine gland, an endocrine gland | has no ducts. |
| __________________ glands have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts. | Compound acinar |
| In the intestine, __________________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. | tight junctions |
| What type of gland possesses ducts? | exocrine |
| Which tissue type forms glands? | epithelial |
| An example of a gap junction is | an intercalated disk. |
| What type of exocrine gland uses exocytosis to secrete its product? | merocrine |
| What type of membranes line cavities that open to the outside and often contain mucous glands? | mucous |
| __________________ glands secrete mucin, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product, whereas __________________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. | Mucous; serous |
| What is a small protein channel that allows the passage of ions and small molecules between cells? | gap junction |
| __________________ secrete __________________ into __________________. | Endocrine glands; hormones; the blood |
| The type of membrane that protects internal organs from friction is a ________ membrane. | serous |
| Which of the following is classified as a holocrine gland? | sebaceous gland |
| __________________ exhibits a lot of apparently empty space, and is found in many serous membranes | Areolar tissue |
| What type of membranes do not open to the exterior, do not contain glands, but do secrete fluid? | serous |
| What type of gland accumulates its secretion in the cytoplasm of the cell, the cell then ruptures and becomes part of the secretion? | holocrine |
| The most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns is | fluid loss. |
| A subcutaneous injection delivers medication into the | hypodermis. |
| These cells stand guard against toxins, microbes and other pathogens. | dendritic (Langerhans) cells |
| As skin cells move toward the surface of the body, they produce a protein that reduces water loss. This process is called | keratinization. |
| This is the main fibrous layer of the dermis. | reticular layer |
| Picture The diagram illustrates glands of the skin. What does "B" represent? | sebaceous gland |
| The ___ are a source of sex pheromones. | apocrine glands |
| Picture The diagram illustrates glands of the skin. What does "C" represent? | eccrine sweat gland |
| The portion of a hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin is the | hair shaft. |
| This is the dermal layer closest to the epidermis. | papillary layer |
| What type of burn appears red and swollen along with pain and blisters? | second-degree |
| _____________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. | Third-degree |
| This is the site of fat storage in the skin. | hypodermis |
| The ___ is absent from most epidermis. | stratum lucidum |
| If you accidentally cut your arm and see connective tissue and fat, which layer(s) was/were cut? | stratum corneum stratum basale dermis hypodermis |
| Eccrine sweat glands | aid in cooling the body. |
| Picture This image shows strata and cell types of the epidermis. "2" represents a _________, whereas "4" represents a _________. | living keratinocyte; melanocyte |
| Fingerprints and footprints are produced by projections into the epidermis called | dermal papillae. |
| These are all types of cells found in the epidermis except | fibroblasts |
| By covering the whole body surface, the skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in | immunity. |
| Sweat | is produced by a merocrine or apocrine gland. |
| When the arrector pili muscles contract | "goose bumps" form on the skin. |
| Keratinocytes . | are responsible for the reduction of water loss from the skin. |
| Vitamin C is essential for normal collagen synthesis. If a child suffered from a vitamin C deficiency, which layer of the skin would be most affected? | reticular layer of dermis |
| Which of the following represents the correct order of the layers of the epidermis from the deepest to the most superficial? | stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum |
| This epidermal stratum has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes | stratum spinosum |
| Picture This image shows strata and cell types of the epidermis. ________ represents a living keratinocyte belonging to the stratum basale. | "5" |
| Basal cell carcinoma initially affects cells of the stratum __________, whereas melanoma arises from ___________. | basale; melanocytes |
| Which of the following functions is associated with the skin? | protection against ultraviolet radiation of the sun |
| The epidermis | contains no blood vessels. |
| Melanin is produced only by | melanocytes |
| Which vitamin begins its synthesis in the skin exposed to ultraviolet light? | vitamin D |
| Which of the following statements concerning the epidermis is true? | The epidermis is nourished by blood vessels located in the dermis. |
| The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles. | sebaceous |
| Picture The diagram illustrates glands of the skin. What does "A" represent? | sweat pore |
| This layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells. | stratum corneum |
| Leather is mostly made of the __________ layer of the dermis, which is very tough due to the high concentration of ____________ fibers. | reticular; collagen |
| ____________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. | Cerumen |
| Each hair grows in an oblique epithelial tube called a(an) | hair follicle. |
| The integumentary system has many functions, one of which is | detection of heat and touch. |
| Cedric slipped and cut his finger. The cut bled, but did not penetrate to the hypodermis. The deepest layer penetrated was the | papillary layer of the dermis. |
| When comparing the dermis with the hypodermis, the dermis | is divided into two layers; the hypodermis is not. |
| Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix? | osteoclast |
| What type of tissue covers the ends of long bones? | articular cartilage |
| Which type of bone cells have ruffled borders and secrete acids? | osteoclasts |
| What are the maintenance cells in bone tissue? | osteocytes |
| A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a | canaliculus. |
| What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones? | epiphyseal plate |
| 60 year old As a result of picking up a heavy object he fractured the radius and ulna of his right arm. X-rays indicated that he had osteoporosis. His blood calcium levels were above normal and cancer cells that produced a hormone-like substance. | parathyroid hormone |
| Which type of bone cells possess extensive ER and ribosomes? osteoblasts | osteoblasts |
| Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is | endochondral. |
| Haversian systems or osteons | are the basic units in compact bone tissue. |
| Which of the following is correctly matched? | osteoclasts - responsible for reabsorption |
| The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of | osteoblast and osteoclast activity. |
| Which type of bone cells combine hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix? | osteoblasts |
| Which type of bone is considered dense bone? | compact bone |
| the cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the | osteocyte. |
| Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone | on the surface of the bone. |
| Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to | manufacture blood cells. |
| When blood calcium levels are low | ostoclast activity increases. |
| Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of _____, _____, and _____ in the diet. | calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D |
| Intramembranous ossification | forms the bones of the roof of the skull. |
| What is the area where marrow is located? | medullary cavity |
| The primary mineral in bone is | calcium. |
| The covering of the outer surface of bone is the | periosteum |
| Spongy bone tissue | contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae. |
| An X-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the _____________ of the bone. | diaphysis |
| The primary function of osteoblasts is to | lay down bone matrix. |
| Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true? | When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases. |
| Which type of bone cells package calcium and phosphate ions? | osteoblasts |
| The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of | hydroxyapatite crystals. |
| Chondroblasts produce | cartilage matrix. |
| Osteoclast activity is increased by | parathyroid hormone. |
| What is the site of long bone growth? | epiphyseal plate |
| The stem cells of osteoclasts are | monocytes |
| Which of the following is mismatched? | parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys |
| The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the Selected Answer: | The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines strength of the bone. |
| Brittle bone disorder is another name for | osteogenesis imperfecta. |
| What chemical causes a decrease in the blood calcium level? | calcitonin |
| The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is | hyaline cartilage. |
| Important functions of the skeletal system include | protection of the brain and soft organs. |
| The most common bone disease is osteoporosis. The most common consequence of this disease is | fractures. |
| Rickets is | a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. |
| Which type of bone appears porous? | spongy bone |
| What chemical ingested or synthesized by the body is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines? | vitamin D |
| the longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when | the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue. |
| Osteomalacia is Selected Answer: | disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion |
| Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of | Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary bone matrix. |
| What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity? | endosteum |
| Osteoclast activity would decrease when ________ levels are elevated. | calcitonin. |
| Which type of bone cells lie in lacunae? | osteocytes |
| Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct? | Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling. |
| Which type of bone cells are large cells that form from fusion of monocytes? | osteoclasts |
| What is the end of a long bone? | epiphysis |
| Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to | Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under store adipose tissue. |
| Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE? | Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate. |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed | collagen. |
| Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true? Selected Answer: | Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys. |
| Osteoarthritis is | the most common type of arthritis. |
| A place where two or more bones come together is a(n) | joint and an articulation. |
| Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints | are enclosed by a joint capsule. |
| Bowing the head is an example of | flexion. |
| Which of the following joints is most movable? | synovial |
| Which of the following movements is an example of extension? | using your finger to point out an area on a map |
| Gout is Selected Answer: | a metabolic disorder caused by increased uric acid in blood. |
| Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called | rotation. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis is | a condition that may involve an autoimmune disease. |
| The function of a bursa is to | provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction. |
| The symphysis pubis is between the | two pubic bones. |
| The opposite of depression is | elevation. |
| Synovial fluid | decreases friction between bones. |
| The fibrous capsule | is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum. |
| The subscapular and subacromial bursa are associated with the _________ joint. | shoulder |
| A sharp object penetrated a synovial joint. From the following list of structures, select the order in which they were penetrated. (1) tendon or muscle (2) ligament (3) fibrous capsule (4) skin (5) synovial membrane | 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 |
| Which of the following is a synovial joint? | atlanto-occipital |
| Cartilaginous joints Selected Answer: | unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. |
| Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _____ joints. | synovial |
| The type of movement between carpal bones is described as | gliding. |
| An example of a symphysis is the | intervertebral joint. |
| Which of the following does NOT occur due to the effects of aging on the joints? | increased production of synovial fluid |
| Arthritis is | an inflammation of any joint. |
| The joint between the teeth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a | gomphosis. |
| The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called | menisci. |
| Which of the following types of joints is mismatched with its location? | ellipsoid - between femur and tibia |
| Abnormal forced extension beyond normal range of motion is called | hyperextension. |
| The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _____ joint. | pivot |
| The sacroiliac joint is between the | sacrum and coxa. |
| The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| Joints are classified according to the | structure of the joint. |
| Which of the following pairs of terms are opposites? | plantar flexion - dorsiflexion |
| The atlantoaxial joint is between the | atlas and axis. |
| Standing on one's toes is an example of a movement called | plantar flexion. |
| Articular cartilage | covers the ends of bones in synovial joints. |
| This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement. | This type of joint is multiaxial allowing a wide range of ball and socket |
| The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the | rotator cuff. |
| Osteoarthritis usually is caused by | wear and tear of the joint. |
| The synovial membrane | lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage. |
| A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a | fibrous joint. |
| Which of the following movements is possible at the hip or coxal joint? | rotation flexion adduction circumduction |
| In the TMJ joint, the mandible articulates with the | temporal bone. |
| A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a _____ joint. | A joint that consists of two opposed flat surfaces of plane |
| A pivot joint | restricts movement to rotation. |
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