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BIOLOGY GLOSSARY 6
glossary terms chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Action Potential | the reversal of the resting potential difference across a plasma membrane (between the intracellular and extracellular voltage), typically of a neuron |
| Amino-acid-derived hormone | small signalling molecules derived from the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan. They include thyroid hormones (hydrophobic) and catecholamines (hydrophilic) |
| Amplificiation | the process of increasing the strength of a cellular signal, typically by increasing the number of molecules involved at each step of a transduction cascade |
| Apoptosis | regulated and programmed cell death. The controlled destruction of the cell does not spill the contents and does not trigger an immune response |
| Apoptosome | a large protein formed in the process of apoptosis. It is made up of cytochrome c and a protein called Apaf-1 |
| Autocrine signalling | a type of chemical signalling in which the signalling molecule is received by the same cell or cell type that secreted it |
| Bcl-2 | a family of proteins that regulate apoptosis |
| Bleb | a protrusion or bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell |
| Cascade | a multi-step process in which each step must occur in a set order with each step triggering the next in the sequence |
| Caspase | one of a group of enzymes involved in protein and DNA cleavage. Caspases are involved in apoptosis |
| Cytokine | one of a group of peptides and proteins released from cells that are important in cell signalling, particularly between cells of the immune system |
| Death receptor | specific receptors on the outer surface of cells that will bind to cytokines and initiate the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis |
| Effector cell | cell that responds to signalling molecules. For example, a cell in which a signal transduction pathway activates an enzyme and causes a metabolic change in the cell |
| Endocrine signalling | a mode of transmission for signalling molecules that act on cells that are far from the cell that secretes them |
| Hormone | a molecule that regulates the growth or activity of those cells capable of responding to it (target cells). Hormones are produced by specialised cells within an organism |
| Ion channel | a transmembrane protein that forms a pore in the plasma membrane to allow the passage of charged particles (ions) across the membrane |
| Peptide and protein hormones | hydrophilic signalling molecules that are peptides, such as insulin, or proteins, such as growth hormone and follicle stimulating hormone |
| Post synaptic neuron | a neuron to which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft by the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron |
| Response | the response is the action or change in functionality of a cell that occurs as a result of a specific stimulus. For example, the release of neurotransmitters into a synapse is the response to an action potential reaching the synapse is the response |
| Second messenger | a group of small, non-protein molecules that are produced inside a cell when a signalling molecule binds to a receptor on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. The production of second messengers is a form of signal transduction |
| Signal transduction | the process of transmitting |
| Steroid hormone | |
| Stimulus | |
| Stimulus-response model | |
| Synapse | |
| Synaptic terminal | |
Created by:
emmawalton05
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