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BIOLOGY GLOSSARY 2
glossary terms chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active transport | net movement of dissolved substances through a membrane from an area of low concentration to high concentration with the assistance of energy input and specific transport proteins |
| Amino acid | the monomer of polypeptides. All amino acids contain an amine group at one end of the molecule and a carboxyl group at the other end |
| Biomacromolecule | chain-like molecules called polymers. It is formed by joining together many monomers to form a chain. Examples are proteins and polysaccharides |
| Carbohydrate | biomacromolecule made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It comes in 3 forms, mono, di and polysaccharides and they act as an important source of chemical energy, energy reserves, form structural components of DNA and RNA and combine to form glycoproteins |
| Cell membrane | encloses the contents of cells and controls the movements of substances between the exterior and interior of cells. Also performs cell recognition and communication with other cells |
| Channel protein | a type of protein found on the plasma membrane that is involved in facilitated diffusion |
| Compound | a molecule containing two or more different elements |
| Concentration gradient | the difference in concentration of a solute between one region and another, for example, across a membrane |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | carries the instructions required to assemble proteins from amino acid subunits using a genetic code. It is passed from one cell to another during cell division. The 4 bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine |
| Diffusion | the net movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and does not require energy |
| Disaccharide | 'two sugars'. A carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides combine |
| Endocytosis | the bulk uptake of substances by regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle |
| Eukaryote | cell or organism with a membrane bound nucleus and organelles, like plants and animals |
| Facilitated diffusion | net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration through selective protein channels. No energy required |
| Fluid mosaic model | according to this, plasma membranes consist of two layers of phospholipid molecules, with other molecules including proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol scattered throughout the membrane, hence mosaic |
| Hydrophilic | polar ions and molecules that dissolve easily in water. 'Water loving' |
| Hydrophobic | non-polar molecules that are relatively insoluble in water. 'Water hating' |
| Inorganic compound | a compound that does not include carbon and are important for living organisms, like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen |
| Integral protein | proteins that are permanent and fundamental components of the plasma membrane. These are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. Typically, they span the width of the plasma membrane with part of the protein being exposed on both sides of the membrane |
| Lipid | an organic compound consisting of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen an they store energy |
| Monomer | monosaccharide, a smaller subunit of a larger unit. It includes amino acids and nucleotides |
| Monosaccharide | a molecule comprised of a single sugar, the most popular being glucose |
| Nucleic acid | genetic material of all organisms that control cellular activities and is made up of nucleotides. DNA & RNA |
| Organelle | specialised structures of a cell, like the nucleus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, and each have a specific function |
| Organic compound | compounds are molecules consisting of one or more types of atoms, and organic compounds contain carbon and oxygen |
| Osmosis | net movement of water from areas of high concentration to low concentration of water |
| Passive transport | the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy, is passive |
| Peptide | a polypeptide that consists of fewer then 50 amino acids |
| Peripheral proteins | not embedded in the PB and bind to integral proteins or penetrate into one surface of the PM. Attached either to phospholipid molecules or to integral proteins in either layer of the PM. Function as enzymes, structural attachment points, recognition sites |
| Phospholipid | component of the plasma membrane, comprised of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail |
| Polar | polar molecules have positive and negative regions. They have an unequal distribution of electrons and these molecules dissolve in water |
| Polymer | a large molecule made up of smaller molecules |
| Polypeptide | polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Polysaccharide | polymers of sugar molecules made up of many sugars. Eg. glycogen, starch and cellulose |
| Prokaryote | cell or organism without a membrane bound nucleus and organelles. eg. bacteria |
| Protein | organic compound consisting of chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds |
| Ribonucleic acid | a nucleic acid of a single strand made up of sugars and bases and linked by bonds |
| Semi-permeable | semi-permeable means it allows some substances through and others not (through the membrane) |
| Transmembrane protein | a functional protein, often composed of more then one polypeptide molecule, which spans the entire thickness of the plasma membrane. Hydrophilic hormone receptors, ion channels, and ion pumps are all examples of transmembrane proteins |
| Transport vesicle | vesicle that buds from the rough ER and contains materials that are to be transported to the golgi apparatus |
Created by:
emmawalton05
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