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Genetics
DNA RNA + Crosses
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| def of genetics | the study of how traits are inherited |
| def of heredity | the passing on of traits from parents to offspring by means of genes |
| def of variation | the differences between members of the same species |
| 2 types of variation | inherited and acquired |
| def of species | a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
| def of gene | a section of DNA located on a chromosome |
| what is a chromosome composed of | protein and DNA |
| 2 types of DNA | coding and non coding |
| what is non coding DNA | sugar and phosphate |
| the 4 bases of coding DNA | Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| what are the 2 bases groups divided into | Purines (A&G) Pyrimidines (T&C) |
| what is a nucleotide | units of DNA made up of 3 parts |
| what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide | phosphate, sugar and a base |
| what is a complementary base pair | 2 bases joined by a hydrogen bond |
| what is a genetic code | a sequence of triplets that code for the formation of protein |
| what is a triplet code | 3 bases in a sequence in a DNA strand that codes for a particular amino acid |
| what are the 3 types of codons | initiation, elongation, termination |
| what is RNA made up of | a single strand of nucleotides |
| what are the types of RNA | mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
| differences between RNA & DNA | RNA is single stranded, located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, its base is uracil and sugar is ribose |
| when does DNA replication happen | during interphase of cell cycle |
| what is DNA polymerase | joins nucleotides together to make DNA |
| what is transcription | the transfer of the genetic code from a DNA molecule to an mRNA molecule in the nucleus |
| what happens during transcription | DNA uncoils & unzips, the base sequence in one strand is copied into mRNA |
| what happens once transcription is complete | mRNA molecule is released into the cytoplasm |
| what is RNA processing | the process by which the information from DNA is transferred to RNA |
| function of mRNA | carries the genetic code for a specific protein |
| function of tRNA | picks up the appropriate amino acids floating in the cytoplasm and transports them to the mRNA at the ribosomes |
| function of rRNA | helps to bind mRNA and tRNA |
| what is translation | using the genetic code from mRNA to synthesise proteins in the cytoplasm |
| what are the end products of protein synthesis | a primary structure of a protein |
| what are alleles | alternative forms of a gene |
| dominant alleles | homozygous - 2 alleles are the same |
| recessive alleles | homozygous recessive |
| heterozygous | the 2 alleles are different |
| what is genotype | genetic make up/appearance |
| what is phenotype | physical appearance/make-up |
| what is a punnett square | a square used to show the possible combinations of gamates |
| what are Gregor's 2 laws | law of segregation and law of independent assortment |
| what is the law of segregation | alleles separate from each other at gamete formation so that each only one factor of a pair of alleles enter a gamete |
| what is the law of independent assortment | members of one pair of factors separate independently of another pair during gamete formation formation and can combine with either member of another pair |
Created by:
amykavanaghh
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