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FULL EXAM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ are populations that live and interact in the same place at the same time. | communities |
| _____ communities are nested within _____ communities | smaller; larger |
| 3 specific groups of communities | - cliff dwelling birds - microbial communities - plant communities |
| Niche | All the biotic and abiotic resources a species needs to survive, remain healthy and reproduces |
| 4 parts of a Niche | - Light - Temperature - Moisture - Food |
| Fundamental vs realized niche | -Fundamental: conditions under which a species can physiologically live if there are no other species present. -Realized: Within "F" but after accounting for species interactions. |
| Species Interactions | Competition, Symbiosis, Predation |
| Two parts of Species Interactions | - Intraspecific - Interspecific |
| Competitive Exclusion | a species is prevented from occupying an area due to a competitive interaction with another |
| Outcomes of Competition between species | 1. Competitive Exclusion 2. Niche Partitioning |
| Reducing Competition- Niche Partitioning | - Temporal - Spatial- species use different microhabitats |
| Temporal | nocturnal vs diurnal - predatory mammals - woodland flowers |
| Spatial | - Wading birds - fish |
| Types of Community interactions: | - predator/ prey - herbivore/ plant - symbiont/ host (mutualism, communalism, parasitism) |
| Community Structure | - Diversity and Richness - Community Dominants - Ecosystem engineers - Keystone Species - Facilitators - Trophic Structure |
| Trophic Structure | - Food chains - food webs |
| Diversity | number of species and species evenness |
| Richness | number of species |
| Community Dynamics | - community dominants - ecosystem engineers - keystone species - facilitators |
| community dominant | species with large number of individuals and large impact |
| ecosystem engineers | change the function of a community |
| keystone species | small in #, large in impact |
| succession | change in community over time |
| two types of succession | primary and secondary |
| ecosystem ecology | study of the ecological significance of the flow of energy and matter |
| ______ include the community and the physical environment | ecosystems |
| community | focus on species interactions |
| ecosystem | focus is on functional aspects |
| Functional aspects include: | - energy flow - nutrient cycling |
| Value of Ecosystems to humans | provide "services" clean air/water, food, recreation, flood control, insect control |
| Functional aspects of ecosystem include | - water retention - primary production - energy flow - nutrient cycling - resistance and resilience -influx/outflux/ cycling - functional groups/ guilds |
| Energy Flow | linear, from sun to producer to consumer to decomposer |
| Stability and Diversity | - Disturbance - Components of stability |
| Two components of stability | - resistance - resilience |
| Nutrient Cycling | - from nutrient pools - nutrients passed from organisms to organism - nutrients return to nutrient pool - nutrients are recycled - limiting nutrients often determine ecosystem dynamics |
| nutrient spiraling | - organic detritus moves down stream as it decomposes - linkage between ecosystems |
| Limitations structure ecosystems | - Nutrient Limited Ecosystems - Water Limited Ecosystems - Light Limited Ecosystems |
| Biogeochemical Cycles | - Gaseous carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen - less mobile elements such as P, K, and Ca |
| In studying cycling of water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, ecologists focus on 4 factors: | - each chemicals biological importance - forms in which each chemical is available or used by organisms - major reservoirs for each chemical (pools) - key processes driving movement (flux) of each chemical through its cycle |
| Effects of altered water cycle on ecosystems | Glacier Melting: -influx of fresh water - rise in sea level - change of coastline - more inland lakes - less circulation |
| Effects of change in C cycle | - plants grow faster - hotter, wetter climate - ocean acidification - change in phenology and migration |
Created by:
savepeople
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